CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Vol 23, No 8, September 2012
AFRICA
467
22.
Maschio G, Alberti D, Janin G, Locatelli F, Mann JF, Motolese M,
et
al
.
Effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor benazepril
on the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. The Angiotensin-
Converting-Enzyme Inhibition in Progressive Renal Insufficiency
Study Group.
N Engl J Med
1996;
334
(15): 939–945.
23.
Bidani AK, Griffin KA, Bakris G, Picken MM. Lack of evidence of
blood pressure-independent protection by renin-angiotensin system
blockade after renal ablation.
Kidney Int
2000;
57
: 1651–1661.
24.
Martínez-Maldonado M. Hypertension in end-stage renal disease.
Kidney Int
1998
54
:
S67–S72.
25.
Mogensen CE. ACE inhibitors and antihypertensive treatment in diabe-
tes : focus on microalbuminuria and macrovascular disease.
J Renin
Angiotensin Aldosterone System
2000;
1
(3): 234–239.
26.
Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Gifford N, Schrier RW. Effect of blood pressure
control on diabetic microvascular complications in patients with hyper-
tension and type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care
2000;
23
(
Suppl 2): B54–64.
27.
Wang C, Zhao X, Mao S, Wang Y, Cui X, Puy Y. Management of SAH
subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) with traditional Chinese medicine.
Neurol Res
2006;
28
(4): 436–444.
28.
Stengel B, Billon S, van Dijk PCW, Jager KJ, Dekker FW, Simpson K,
Briggs JD. Trends in the incidence of renal replacement therapy for end-
stage renal disease in Europe, 1990-1999.
Nephrol Dialysis Transplant
2003;
18
(9): 1824–1833.
29.
Ravid M, Savin H, Jutrin I, Bental T, Lishner M. Long-term stabilizing
effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on plasma creati-
nine and on proteinuria in normotensive type II diabetic patients.
Ann
Intern Med
1993;
118
(8): 577–581.
30.
Koya D, Jirousek MR, Lin YW, Ishii H, Kuboki K, King GL.
Characterization of protein kinase C beta isoform activation on the gene
expression of transforming growth factor-beta, extracellular matrix
components, and prostanoids in the glomeruli of diabetic rats.
J Clin
Invest
1997;
100
(1): 115–126.
31.
Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study investigators.
Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in
people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-
HOPE substudy.
Lancet
2000;
355
(9200): 253–259.
32.
Gondwe M, Kamadyaapa DR, Tufts M, Chuturgoon AA, Musabayane
CT.
Sclerocarya birrea
[(
A. Rich.) Hochst.] [Anacardiaceae] stem-bark
ethanolic extract (SBE) modulates blood glucose, glomerular filtration
rate (GFR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) of STZ-induced
diabetic rats.
Phytomedicine
2008;
15
: 699–709.
33.
Osim EE, Mbajiorgu EF, Mukarati G, Vaz RF, Makufa B, Munjeri
O, Musabayane CT. Hypotensive effect of crude extract
Olea afri-
cana
(
Oleaceae) in normo and hypertensive rats.
Cent Afr J Med
1999;
45
(10): 269–274.
34.
Miller NE, Forde OH, Thelle DS, Mjos OD. The thrombo Heart Study:
High-density lipoprotein and coronary heart disease: A prospective
case-control study.
Lancet
1977
1
: 965–970.
35.
Somova LI, Nadar A, Rammanan P, Shode FO. Cardiovascular, anti-
hyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects of oleanolic and ursolic acids
in experimental hypertension.
Phytomedicine
2003;
10
: 115
Zimbabwe
121.
36.
Somova LI, Shode FO, Ramnanan P, Nadar A. Antihypertensive, antia-
thersoclerotic and antioxidant activity of triterpenoids isolated from
Olea europaea
,
subspecies africana leaves.
J Ethnopharmacol
2003;
84
: 299–305.
37.
Gelfand M, Mavi S, Drummond RB, Ndemera B.
The Traditional
Medical Practitioner in Zimbabwe: His Principles of Practice and
Pharmacopoeia.
Gweru, Zimbabwe: Mambo Press, 1985.
38.
Musabayane CT, Munjeri O, Mdege ND. Effects of
Helichrysum ceres
extracts on renal function and blood pressure in the rat.
Renal Failure
2003;
25
: 5
Zimbabwe
14.
39.
Musabayane CT, Kamadyaapa DR, Gondwe M, Moodley K, Ojewole
JAO. Cardiovascular effects of
Helichrysum ceres
S. Moore [Asteraceae]
leaf ethanolic extract in experimental animal paradigms.
Cardiovasc J
Afr
2008;
19
(5): 246–253.
40.
Wolf G, Ziyadeh FN. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of proteinuria
in diabetic nephropathy.
Nephron Physiol
2007;
106
: 26–31.
41.
Yonekura H, Yamamoto Y, Sakurai S, Watanabe T, Yamamoto H. Roles
of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts in diabetes-induced
vascular injury.
J Pharmacol Sci
2005;
97
: 305–311.
42.
Mason RM, Wahab NA. Extra-cellular matrix metabolism in diabetic
nephropathy.
J Am Soc Nephrol
2003;
14
: 1358–1373.
43.
Gruden G, Thomas S, Burt D, Lane S, Chusney G, Sacks S, Viberti
G. Mechanical stretch induces vascular permeability factor in human
mesangial cells: Mechanisms of signal transduction.
Proc Nat Acad Sci
(
USA)
1997;
94
: 12112–12116.
44.
Bickel CA, Knepper MA, Verbalis JG, Ecelbarger CA. Dysregulation
of renal salt and water transport proteins in diabetic Zucker rats.
Kidney
Int Suppl
2002;
61
: 2099–2110.
45.
Anderson S, Vora JP. Current concepts of renal hemodynamics in diabe-
tes.
J Diabetes Complications
1995;
9
: 304–307.
46.
Ihara Y, Egashira K, Nakano K, Ohtani K, Kubo M, Koga J,
et al
.
Upregulation of the ligand-RAGE pathway via the angiotensin II type
I receptor is essential in the pathogenesis of diabetic atherosclerosis.
J
Mol Cell Cardiol
2007;
43
: 455–464.
47.
Lassila M, Seah KK, Allen TJ, Thallas V, Thomas MC, Candido R,
et al
.
Accelerated nephropathy in diabetic apolipoprotein E-knockout mouse:
Role of advanced glycation.
J Am Soc Nephrol
2004;
15
: 2125–2138.
48.
Hartog JW, Voors AA, Bakker SJ, Smit AJ, van Veldhuisen DJ.
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and heart failure: pathophys-
iology and clinical implications.
Eur J Heart Fail
2007;
9
: 1146–1155.
49.
Tanaka Y, Uchino H, Shimizu T, Yoshii H, Niwa M, Ohmura C,
et al
.
Effect of metformin on advanced glycation endproduct formation and
peripheral nerve function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Eur J
Pharmacol
1999;
376
(1–2): 17–22.
50.
Sheetz MJ, King GL. Molecular understanding of hyperglycaemia’s
adverse effects for diabetes complications.
J Am Med Assoc
2002;
288
:
2579–2588.
51.
Rahbar S, Figarola JL. Novel inhibitors of advanced glycation end-
products.
Arch Biochem Biophys
2003;
419
: 63–79.
52.
Rahbar S, Yerneni KK, Scott S, Gonzales N, Lalezari I. Novel inhibitors
of advanced glycation endproducts (part II).
Mol Cell Biol Res Commun
2000;
3
(6): 360–366.
53.
Kim H, Kang KS, Yamabe N, Nagai R, Yokozawa, T. Protective effect of
heat-processed American ginseng against diabetic renal damage in rats.
J Agric Food Chem
2007;
55
: 8491–8497.
54.
Kim JD, Kang SM, Park MY, Jung TY, Choi HY, Ku SW. Ameliorative
anti-diabetic activity of Dangnyosoko, a Chinese herbal medicine in
diabetic rats.
Bioscience, Biotechnol Biochem
2007;
71
(6): 1527–1534.
55.
Kim SW, Jeon YS, Lee JU, Kang DG, Kook H, Ahn KY,
et al
.
Diminished adenylate cyclase activity and aquaporin 2 expression in
acute renal failure rats.
Kidney Int
2000;
57
(4): 1239–1417.
56.
Wirasathiena L, Pengsuparpa T, Suttisria R, Uedab H, Moriyasub M,
Kawanishib K. Inhibitors of aldose reductase and advanced glycation
end-products formation from the leaves of
Stelechocarpus cauliflorus
R.E. Fr.
Phytomedicine
2007;
14
: 546–550.
57.
Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States. Excerpts from
the United States Renal Data Systems 2002 annual report.
Am J Kidney
Dis
2003;
41
(4):
S7–254.
58.
Mogensen CE, Christensen CK, Vittinghus E. The stages in diabetic
renal disease. With emphasis on the stage of incipient diabetic nephrop-
athy.
Diabetes 32 Suppl
1983;
2
: 64–78.
59.
Arije A, Kadiri S, Akinkugbe OO. The viability of hemodialysis as a
treatment option for renal failure in a developing economy.
Afr J Med
Med Sci
2000;
29
: 311–314.
60.
Marles R, Farnsworth N. Plants as sources of antidiabetic agents.
In: Wagner H, Farnsworth NR (eds).
Economic and Medicinal Plant
Research.
UK: Academic Press Ltd, 1994;
6
: 146–187.
61.
Wang XM, Guan SH, Liu RX, Sun JH, LiangY, Yang M, W
et al
.
HPLC
determination of four triterpenoids in rat urine after oral administration
of total triterpenoids from
Ganoderma lucidum
.
J Pharmaceut Biomed
Anal
2007;
43
: 1185–1190.
62.
Nakagawa T, Goto H, Hikiami H, Yokozawa T, Shibahara N, ShimadaY.
Protective effects of keishibukuryogan on the kidney of spontaneously
diabetic WBN/Kob rats
J Ethnopharmacol
2007;
110
: 311–317.
63.
Mapanga RF, Tufts MA, Shode FO, Musabayane CT. Renal effects of
plant-derived oleanolic acid in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
