Cardiovascular Journal of Africa: Vol 32 No 6 (NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2021)

CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 32, No 6, November/December 2021 AFRICA 307 live births out of 74 pregnancies, and a high rate of prematurity and low birth weight. Late presentation in pregnancy was common, and many women presented in mWHO class IV, meaning that their pregnancy was contraindicated. Education of women with high-risk disease, improved pre-conceptual counselling, frequent antenatal care and early recognition of signs and symptoms of cardiac disease should be a priority to improve outcomes of cardiac disease in pregnancy for mothers and babies. Mothers with RHD, in particular, experienced more complications and should be closely followed. Tachycardia and peripheral oedema as early symptoms of heart failure should be noted. Further studies to explore the significance of these symptoms are warranted. We thank the Department of Obstetrics andGynaecology and the Department of Haematology and Molecular Medicine at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, and our colleagues from Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital. References 1. Kassebaum NJ, Bertozzi-Villa A, Coggeshall MS, Shackelford KA, Steiner C, Heuton KR, et al . Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2014; 384 (9947): 980–1004. 2. Mocumbi AO, Sliwa K, Soma-Pillay P. Medical disease as a cause of maternal mortality: the pre-imminence of cardiovascular pathology. Cardiovasc J Afr 2016; 27 (2): 84–88. 3. Department of Health, South-African. National Committee for Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths. Saving Mothers 2014–2016: Seventh triennial report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in South Africa: short report, 2017. 4. Soma-Pillay P, Catherine N-P, Tolppanen H, Mebazaa A, Tolppanen H, Mebazaa A. Physiological changes in pregnancy. Cardiovasc J Afr 2016; 27 (2): 89. 5. Hunter S, Robson SC. Adaptation of the maternal heart in pregnancy. Br Heart J 1992; 68 (6): 540–543. 6. Forster O, Ansari AA, Sliwa K. Current issues in the diagnosis and management of peripartum cardiomyopathy. Womens Health (Lond) 2006; 2 (4): 587–596. 7. Regitz-Zagrosek V, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bauersachs J, Blomström- Lundqvist C, Cífková R, De Bonis M, et al . 2018 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy. Eur Heart J 2018; 39 (34): 3165–3241. 8. Diao M, Kane A, Ndiaye MB, Mbaye A, Bodian M, Dia MM, et al . Pregnancy in women with heart disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 104 (6-7): 370–374. 9. Soma-Pillay P, Macdonald AP, Mathivha T, Bakker J, Mackintoch M. Cardiac disease in pregnancy – a four-year audit at Pretoria Academic Hospital (2002–2005). S Afr Med J 2008; 98 (7): 553–556. 10. Elkayam U, Goland S, Pieper PG, Silverside CK. High-risk cardiac disease in pregnancy: Part I. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 68 (4): 396–410. 11. Elkayam U, Goland S, Pieper PG, Silversides CK. High-risk cardiac disease in pregnancy: Part II. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 68 (5): 502–516. 12. Schapkaitz E, Jacobson BF, Manga P, Chitsike RS, Benade E, Jackson S, et al . Recommendations for the anticoagulation of pregnant patients with mechanical heart valves. S Afr Med J 2015; 105 (9): 733–738. 13. Drenthen W, Pieper PG, Roos-Hesselink JW, van Lottum WA, Voors AA, Mulder BJ, et al. Outcome of pregnancy in women with congeni- tal heart disease: a literature review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49 (24): 2303–2311. 14. Van Hagen IM, Roos-Hesselink JW, Donvito V, Liptai C, Morissens M, Murphy DJ, et al . Incidence and predictors of obstetric and fetal complications in women with structural heart disease. Heart 2017; 103 (20): 1610–1618. 15. Siu SC, Colman JM, Sorensen S, Smallhorn JF, Farine D, Amankwah KS, et al. Adverse neonatal and cardiac outcomes are more common in pregnant women with cardiac disease. Circulation 2002; 105 (18): 2179–2184. 16. Sliwa K, Böhm M. Incidence and prevalence of pregnancy-related heart disease. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 101 (4): 554–560. 17. Watkins DA, Sebitloane M, Engel ME, Mayosi BM. The burden of antenatal heart disease in South Africa: a systematic review. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2012; 12 : 23. 18. Du Toit-Prinsloo L, Pickles C, Lombaard H. Evaluating current knowl- edge of legislation and practice of obstetricians and gynaecologists in the management of fetal remains in South Africa. S Afr Med J 2016; 106 (4): 56. 19. Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, Canaday B, Finstuen JA, Foster MC, et al. Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic examination in adults: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2019; 32 (1): 1–64. 20. Ntiloudi D, Zegkos T, Bazmpani MA, Parcharidou D, Panagiotidis T, Hadjimiltiades S, et al . Pregnancy outcome in women with congenital heart disease: A single-center experience. Hellenic J Cardiol 2018; 59 (3): 155–159 21. Siu SC, Sermer M, Colman JM, Alvarez AN, Mercier LA, Morton BC, et al. Prospective multicenter study of pregnancy outcomes in women with heart disease. Circulation 2001; 104 (5): 515–521. 22. Orabona R, Sciatti E, Prefumo F, Vizzardi E, Bonadei I, Valcamonico A, et al . Pre‐eclampsia and heart failure: a close relationship. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018; 52 (3): 297–301. 23. Weiss B, Hess OJEHJ. Pulmonary vascular disease and pregnancy: current controversies, management strategies, and perspectives. Eur Heart J 2000; 21 (2): 104–115. 24. Blencowe H, Cousens S, Oestergaard MZ, Chou D, Moller AB, Narwal R, et al . National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected coun- tries: a systematic analysis and implications. Lancet 2012; 379 (9832): 2162–2172.

RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy NDIzNzc=