Cardiovascular Journal of Africa: Vol 32 No 6 (NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2021)

CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 32, No 6, November/December 2021 AFRICA 313 however, apparent and echoed in other studies. This rapidly growing field with the novel use of biomarkers and ultrasound allows for further exploration. Pre-operative echocardiography information, together with data on the use of inotropes, diuretics, fluids and blood products intra-operatively, leaves the researchers with an opportunity to investigate such variables in a future prospective study. Conclusion Numerous modifiable factors including pre-operative renal dysfunction were found to be associated with the development of CSA-AKI and mortality. Identification of patients at risk of CSA-AKI, relying on serial SCr and/or urine output measurements may not be time sensitive and may delay timeous interventions. The use of novel biomarkers and renal vascular ultrasound promises the possibility of early diagnosis of renal injury. 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