{"id":4353,"date":"2025-04-25T12:44:39","date_gmt":"2025-04-25T10:44:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/?p=4353"},"modified":"2025-06-09T18:37:03","modified_gmt":"2025-06-09T16:37:03","slug":"cvja-2023-053","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2023-053\/","title":{"rendered":"Contemporary risk factors associated with ischaemic heart disease in central South Africa: a single-centre study"},"content":{"rendered":"    <div id=\"article\">                                                                                                                        \r\n        <div id=\"title-container\">                                                                                                    \r\n        <div id=\"authors-title\">                                                                                                            \r\n        <!--Aurthors under Title-->                                                                                                            \r\n            Michelle Butler, Lezelle Botes, Stephen Brown, Francis Smit\r\n\r\n                                                                                                            \r\n        <\/div>        \r\n<\/div>                                                                                                                            \r\n            <div id=\"copyright\">\r\n        <strong>Copyright:<\/strong> Clinics Cardive Publishing (Pty) Ltd. publisher\r\n        of Cardiovascular Journal of Africa.<\/div>\r\n    <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>                                                                                                                                \r\n        <div id=\"article-abstract\">                                                                                                            \r\n            <div id=\"abstract-title\">                                                                                                        \r\n                    Abstract                                                                                                                \r\n                <\/div>                                                                                                                        \r\n                                                                                                                                \r\n            <div id=\"abstract-content\">                                                                                                        \r\n            <!--Content of Abstract Article-->                                                                                                \r\n            <!--<strong>\"Abstract titles\":<\/strong>-->                                                                                        \r\n            <!--<br\/> at the end of each section!!-->                                                                                        \r\n                                                                                                                                            \r\n        <strong>Background:<\/strong>                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                    \r\n        Deaths from non-communicable diseases have increased in sub-Saharan Africa over the years, with limited data on coronary artery disease (CAD) and the risk factors thereof. The objective of this study was to investigate modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in central South Africa in patients with CAD.                                                                                                                    \r\n                <br \/>    \r\n                \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n        <strong>Methods:<\/strong>                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                    \r\n        Patients with angiographically confirmed CAD who were evaluated in the catheterisation laboratory for the first time over a two-year period (2016\u20132017) were included. Data were extracted from the patients\u2019 medical records.                                                                                                                    \r\n                <br \/>                                                                                                                            \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n        <strong>Results:<\/strong>                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                    \r\n        Four hundred and eighty-two patients met the inclusion criteria, presenting at a mean age of 58.4 \u00b1 10.8 years, and were predominantly male (66%). Females were significantly older than the males (60.3 \u00b1 9.6 vs 57.4 \u00b1 11.1 years; p &lt; 0.05). The mean age at presentation was comparable between ethnic groups, except Asian patients who presented at a significantly younger age compared to Caucasians (49.8 \u00b1 10.5 vs 59.1 \u00b1 10.8 years; p &lt; 0.05). Hypertension (91%) was the most common risk factor, followed by smoking (67%) and obesity (41%). Black Africans demonstrated a higher incidence of hypertension when compared to Caucasians (96 vs 87%; p &lt; 0.05). Smoking was more prevalent in Caucasians than black Africans (68 vs 55%; p &lt; 0.05) and occurred more commonly in males than females (73 vs 55%; p &lt; 0.05). Most patients presented with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (72%), mainly with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (36%). The majority of patients presenting with ACS were in the age group 51\u201360 years. The ACS risk-factor profile was similar to that of the total study group.                                                                                                                    \r\n                <br \/>                                                                                                                            \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n        <strong>Conclusion:<\/strong>                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                    \r\n         CAD was present in all ethnic groups, and modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors were similar to the classical risk factors described worldwide. Minor interracial differences were observed and hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor recorded in central South Africa. Most patients with CAD presented with ACS, particularly STEMI. Recognition of the risk factors associated with CAD would contribute to improved planning of healthcare systems and increased awareness of CAD.                                                                                                                    \r\n                <br \/>                                                                                                                            \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n            <\/div>                                                                                                                            \r\n        <\/div>                                                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                        \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n        <div id=\"keywords\">                                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                            \r\n            <strong>Keywords:<\/strong>                                                                                                        \r\n                                                                                                                                            \r\n            <strong>coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome, risk factors, modifiable risk factors, non-modifiable risk factors<\/strong>                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n        <\/div>                                                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n    <div id=\"publish-info\">                                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                \r\n    <strong>Submitted:<\/strong> June 5, 2023;<!--Month day, year; -->    \r\n    <strong>Accepted:<\/strong> October 24, 2023;<!--Month day, year; -->        \r\n    <strong>Published Online First:<\/strong> November 06, 2023;<!--Month day, year; -->                                                                        \r\n    <strong>Published:<\/strong> December 15, 2024<!--Month day, year; -->                                                                                                                              <br \/>                                                          \r\n        <em>Cardiovasc J Afr 2024; <b>35<\/b>: 315-320<!--pg no. till pg no. \"eg. 4-7\"--><\/em>\r\n        <br \/><strong>Volume 35, Issue 4<\/strong> <br \/>    \r\n                                                                        \r\n        <\/div>                                                                                                                            \r\n                                                                                                                                        \r\n    <div id=\"DOI\">                                                                                                                    \r\n            DOI Citation Reference: dx.doi.org\/10.5830\/CVJA-2023-053<!--DOI number-->                                                                \r\n        <\/div>                                                                                                                            \r\n                    \r\n            <div id=\"author-affiliation\">                                                                                                \r\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \r\n\r\n                <strong>Department of Cardiology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa<\/strong>    <br \/>    \r\n\r\nMichelle Butler, MTech <br \/><br \/>\r\n\r\n <strong>Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa\r\n<\/strong>    <br \/>    \r\n\r\nLezelle Botes, PhD, DTech <br \/><br \/>\r\n\r\n                <strong>Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa\r\n<\/strong>    <br \/>    \r\n\r\nFrancis Smit, MB ChB, FCS (Cardio) SA, PhD, FACC <br \/><br \/>\r\n\r\n            <strong>Department of Paediatric Cardiology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa\r\n<\/strong>    <br \/>    \r\n\r\nStephen Brown, MB ChB, MMed, DMed, FCPaed, DCH <br \/><br \/>\r\n\r\n                <strong>Robert WM Frater Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa\r\n\r\n<\/strong>    <br \/>                                                                                \r\n                                                                                                                                        \r\n                Michelle Butler, MTech <br \/>\r\n                \r\n                Lezelle Botes, PhD, DTech <br \/>\r\n                \r\n                Stephen Brown, MB ChB, MMed, DMed, FCPaed, DCH <br \/>\r\n                \r\n                \r\n                Francis Smit, MB ChB, FCS (Cardio) SA, PhD, FACC<br \/><br \/>\r\n\r\n                [soshsc hide=\"logged\"]\r\n                <strong>You need to be <a style=\"color: #c80c44;\" href=\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/member-login\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">logged in to view and download<\/a> the full text PDF version. <a style=\"color: #c80c44;\" href=\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/register\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Register for a free account?<\/a><\/strong> <br \/><br \/>[\/soshsc]\r\n                \r\n                \r\n                \r\n                <\/div>\r\n    \r\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Deaths from non-communicable diseases have increased in sub-Saharan Africa over the years, with limited data on coronary artery disease (CAD) and the risk factors thereof. The objective of this study was to investigate modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in central South Africa in patients with CAD.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[44,95],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4353","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cardiovascular-topics","category-volume-35-issue-4"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Contemporary risk factors associated with ischaemic heart disease in central South Africa: a single-centre study - Cardiovascular Journal of Africa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Deaths from non-communicable diseases have increased in sub-Saharan Africa over the years, with limited data on coronary artery disease (CAD) and the risk factors thereof. The objective of this study was to investigate modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in central South Africa in patients with CAD.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2023-053\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Contemporary risk factors associated with ischaemic heart disease in central South Africa: a single-centre study - Cardiovascular Journal of Africa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Deaths from non-communicable diseases have increased in sub-Saharan Africa over the years, with limited data on coronary artery disease (CAD) and the risk factors thereof. 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