{"id":4738,"date":"2025-06-04T15:07:44","date_gmt":"2025-06-04T13:07:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/?p=4738"},"modified":"2025-06-09T10:23:12","modified_gmt":"2025-06-09T08:23:12","slug":"cvja-2024-013","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2024-013\/","title":{"rendered":"Correlation of cardiac risk factors with carotid and radial intima\u2013media thickness measurements"},"content":{"rendered":"    <div id=\"article\">                                                                                                                        \r\n        <div id=\"title-container\">                                                                                                    \r\n        <div id=\"authors-title\">                                                                                                            \r\n        <!--Aurthors under Title-->                                                                                                            \r\n            Fritz G van Schalkwyk, Stephen C Brown, Francis Smit, Lezelle Botes                                                                                                            \r\n        <\/div>        \r\n<\/div>                                                                                                                            \r\n            <div id=\"copyright\">\r\n        <strong>Copyright:<\/strong> Clinics Cardive Publishing (Pty) Ltd. publisher\r\n        of Cardiovascular Journal of Africa.<\/div>\r\n    <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>                                                                                                                                \r\n        <div id=\"article-abstract\">                                                                                                            \r\n            <div id=\"abstract-title\">                                                                                                        \r\n                    Abstract                                                                                                                \r\n                <\/div>                                                                                                                        \r\n                                                                                                                                \r\n            <div id=\"abstract-content\">                                                                                                        \r\n            <!--Content of Abstract Article-->                                                                                                \r\n            <!--<strong>\"Abstract titles\":<\/strong>-->                                                                                        \r\n            <!--<br\/> at the end of each section!!-->                                                                                        \r\n                                                                                                                                            \r\n        <strong>Aim:<\/strong>                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                    \r\n        Early identification of patients at risk for future cardiovascular events is essential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and carotid intima\u2013media thickness (CIMT) and radial intima\u2013media thickness (RIMT).                                                                                                                    \r\n                <br \/>                                                                                                                            \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n        <strong>Methods:<\/strong>                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                    \r\n        A prospective, descriptive, analytical study design was used. Two hundred and fifty patients with one or more modifiable risk factors underwent an ultrasound measurement of left and right CIMT and RIMT, according to standard guidelines.                                                                                                                    \r\n                <br \/>                                                                                                                            \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n        <strong>Results:<\/strong>                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                    \r\n        Eighty-one per cent of patients had two or more risk factors. Hypertension was the most common modifiable risk factor (89%), followed by obesity (66%). Male gender demonstrated a significant increase in mean CIMT (p &lt; 0.05). Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolaemia and smoking contributed to a thickened mean CIMT with odds ratios of 3.99, 2.82, 2.47 and 2.09, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). Combinations associated with a thicker mean CIMT included hypertension and diabetes, and hypertension and smoking, with odds ratios of 6.92 and 3.67, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). Only hyper-cholesterolaemia was significantly associated with a thicker mean RIMT (p &lt; 0.05).                                                                                                                    \r\n                <br \/>                                                                                                                            \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n        <strong>Conclusion:<\/strong>                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                    \r\n         Male gender, increased age, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia and smoking significantly contributed to a thickened CIMT, whereas only hyper- cholesterolaemia was associated with a thickened RIMT. Hypertension had the most significant impact on the mean CIMT thickness. Combinations of risk factors appeared to add summative risks for thickened CIMT and RIMT.                                                                                                                    \r\n                <br \/>                                                                                                                            \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n            <\/div>                                                                                                                            \r\n        <\/div>                                                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                        \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n        <div id=\"keywords\">                                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                            \r\n            <strong>Keywords:<\/strong>                                                                                                        \r\n                                                                                                                                            \r\n            <strong>CIMT, RIMT, risk factors, ultrasound, stroke<\/strong>                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n        <\/div>                                                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n    <div id=\"publish-info\">                                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                \r\n    <strong>Submitted:<\/strong> September 22, 2023; <!--Month day, year; -->    \r\n    <strong>Accepted:<\/strong> July 21, 2024; <!--Month day, year; -->        \r\n    <strong>Published Online First:<\/strong> April 30, 2025; <!--Month day, year; -->                                                                        \r\n    <strong>Published:<\/strong> June 4, 2025<!--Month day, year; -->                                                                                                                            <br \/>                                                            \r\n        <em>Cardiovasc J Afr 2025; <b>36<\/b>: 21-27<!--pg no. till pg no. \"eg. 4-7\"--><\/em>\r\n        <br \/><strong>Volume 36, Issue 1<\/strong> <br \/>                                                                            \r\n        <\/div>                                                                                                                            \r\n                                                                                                                                        \r\n    <div id=\"DOI\">                                                                                                                    \r\n            DOI Citation Reference: dx.doi.org\/10.5830\/CVJA-2024-013<!--DOI number-->                                                                \r\n        <\/div>                                                                                                                            \r\n                    \r\n            <div id=\"author-affiliation\">                                                                                                \r\n                                                                                                                                        \r\n                <strong>Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa<\/strong>    <br \/>                                                                                \r\n                                                                                                                                        \r\n            Fritz G van Schalkwyk, BTech<br \/>  \r\nLezelle Botes, DTech, PhD <br \/>                                                                            \r\n                                                                                                                                                                                                            \r\n                                                                                                                                        \r\n                                                                                              \r\n                                                                                                                                        \r\n            <\/div>                                                                                                                        \r\n                                                                                                                                        \r\n            <div id=\"author-affiliation\">                                                                                                \r\n                                                                                                                                        \r\n                <strong>Division of Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa<\/strong>    <br \/>                                                                            \r\n                                                                                                                                        \r\n                Stephen C Brown, DMed, FCPaed, DCH <br \/>                                                                                                \r\n                                                                                                                                        \r\n            <\/div>                                                                                                                        \r\n                                                                                                                                        \r\n            <div id=\"author-affiliation\">                                                                                                \r\n                                                                                                                                        \r\n                <strong>Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa<\/strong>    <br \/>                                                                            \r\n                                                                                                                                        \r\n                Francis Smit <br \/><br \/>\r\n\r\n                [soshsc hide=\"logged\"]\r\n                <strong>You need to be <a style=\"color: #c80c44;\" href=\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/member-login\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">logged in to view and download<\/a> the full text PDF version. <a style=\"color: #c80c44;\" href=\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/register\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Register for a free account?<\/a><\/strong> <br \/><br \/>[\/soshsc]\r\n                \r\n                \r\n                \r\n                <\/div>\r\n    \r\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Early identification of patients at risk for future cardiovascular events is essential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and carotid intima\u2013media thickness (CIMT) and radial intima\u2013media thickness (RIMT). A prospective, descriptive, analytical study design was used. Two hundred and fifty patients with one or more modifiable risk factors underwent an ultrasound measurement of left and right CIMT and RIMT, according to standard guidelines.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[44,100],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4738","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cardiovascular-topics","category-volume-36-issue-1"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Correlation of cardiac risk factors with carotid and radial intima\u2013media thickness measurements - Cardiovascular Journal of Africa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Early identification of patients at risk for future cardiovascular events is essential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and carotid intima\u2013media thickness (CIMT) and radial intima\u2013media thickness (RIMT).\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2024-013\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Correlation of cardiac risk factors with carotid and radial intima\u2013media thickness measurements - Cardiovascular Journal of Africa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Early identification of patients at risk for future cardiovascular events is essential. 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