{"id":5080,"date":"2025-09-03T10:29:17","date_gmt":"2025-09-03T08:29:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/?p=5080"},"modified":"2026-05-05T13:27:07","modified_gmt":"2026-05-05T11:27:07","slug":"cvja-2025-040","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2025-040\/","title":{"rendered":"Effects of mild and moderate hypothermia on renal injury evaluated with neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin cystatin C and near infrared spectroscopy in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass graft surgery"},"content":{"rendered":"
\r\n
\r\n
\r\n \r\n \r\n\r\nSerkan Yildirim, Bahar \u00d6\u00e7, Murat \u015eim\u015fek, Feyza T\u00fclek, O\u011fuzhan Arun, Mehmet \u00d6\u00e7 \r\n <\/div> \r\n<\/div> \r\n
\r\n Copyright:<\/strong> Clinics Cardive Publishing (Pty) Ltd. publisher\r\n of Cardiovascular Journal of Africa.<\/div>\r\n
<\/div> \r\n
\r\n
\r\n Abstract \r\n <\/div> \r\n \r\n
\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n Background:<\/strong> \r\n \r\n The degree of hypothermia during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery may affect kidney injury. In this study we compared the effects of mild (MLD) and moderate (MOD) hypothermia on renal injury evaluated with Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), Cystatin-C (Cyc-C) and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in CABG surgery. \r\n
\r\n \r\n Methods:<\/strong> \r\n \r\n With institutional approval, 40 adult patients CABG with CPB were divided into two groups; mild hypothermia, (320C) (MLD group) (n=20) and moderate hypothermia (280C) (MOD group) (n=20). Urinary NGAL and serum Cyc-c were measured preoperatively (tl) and at postoperative 6th (t2), 12th (t3), 24th (t4) and 48th (15) hours and NIRS values were recorded during intraoperative and postoperative 12 hours, and at postoperative 24th and 48th hours. Appropriate tests were used for Statistical analysis, p<0.05=significant. \r\n
\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\tResults:<\/strong> \r\n \r\n AKI occurred in five patients of the MLD group and one patient in MOD group (p<0.05). Urinary NGAL and serum Cyc-C levels were higher in MLD group (p<0.05). No correlation existed between intraoperative NIRS values and postoperative NGAL values. Moderate correlation was found between intraoperative NIRS and postoperative Cyc-C and serum creatinine (p<0.05). \r\n
\r\n \r\n \r\n Conclusion:<\/strong> \r\n \r\n Our results indicate that MOD hypothermia is more protective regarding renal function. NIRS values are not sufficient enough in terms of clinical follow-up. \r\n
\r\n\r\n \r\n <\/div> \r\n <\/div> \r\n \r\n \r\n
\r\n \r\n Keywords:<\/strong> \r\n \r\n cardiac surgery, acute kidney injury, hypothermia<\/strong> \r\n \r\n <\/div> \r\n \r\n
\r\n \r\n Submitted:<\/strong> July 23, 2024; \r\n Accepted:<\/strong> February 26, 2025; \r\n Published:<\/strong> September 3, 2025
\r\n Cardiovasc J Afr 2025; 36<\/b>: 275-281<\/em>\r\n
Volume 36, Issue 3<\/strong>
\r\n <\/div> \r\n \r\n
\r\n DOI Citation Reference: dx.doi.org\/10.5830\/CVJA-2025-040 \r\n <\/div> \r\n \r\n\t\t\t\t
\r\n \r\n Necmettin Erbakan University School of Medicine\r\n<\/strong>
\r\n\t\t\t\tSerkan Yildirim\r\n

\r\n\r\n Sel\u00e7uk University School of Medicine Department of Anesthesiology\r\n<\/strong>
\r\n\t\t\t\tBahar \u00d6\u00e7
\r\nO\u011fuzhan Arun\r\n

\r\n\r\n Konya City Hospital, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery\r\n<\/strong>
\r\n\t\t\t\tMurat \u015eim\u015fek\r\n

\r\n\r\n Konya City Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology\r\n<\/strong>
\r\n\t\t\t\tFeyza T\u00fclek\r\n

\r\n\r\n Sel\u00e7uk University School of Medicine Department of Cardiovascular Surgery\r\n\r\n<\/strong>
\r\nMehmet \u00d6\u00e7\r\n\r\n

\r\n \r\n\r\n [soshsc hide=\"logged\"]\r\n You need to be logged in to view and download<\/a> the full text PDF version. Register for a free account?<\/a><\/strong>

[\/soshsc]\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n <\/div>\r\n \r\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The degree of hypothermia during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery may affect kidney injury. In this study we compared the effects of mild (MLD) and moderate (MOD) hypothermia on renal injury evaluated with Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), Cystatin-C (Cyc-C) and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in CABG surgery.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[44,107],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5080","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cardiovascular-topics","category-volume-36-issue-3"],"yoast_head":"\nEffects of mild and moderate hypothermia on renal injury evaluated with neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin cystatin C and near infrared spectroscopy in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass graft surgery - Cardiovascular Journal of Africa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The degree of hypothermia during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery may affect kidney injury. In this study we compared the effects of mild (MLD) and moderate (MOD) hypothermia on renal injury evaluated with Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), Cystatin-C (Cyc-C) and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in CABG surgery.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2025-040\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Effects of mild and moderate hypothermia on renal injury evaluated with neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin cystatin C and near infrared spectroscopy in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass graft surgery - Cardiovascular Journal of Africa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The degree of hypothermia during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery may affect kidney injury. In this study we compared the effects of mild (MLD) and moderate (MOD) hypothermia on renal injury evaluated with Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), Cystatin-C (Cyc-C) and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in CABG surgery.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2025-040\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Cardiovascular Journal of Africa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-09-03T08:29:17+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-05-05T11:27:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Jaco Moolman\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Jaco Moolman\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2025-040\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2025-040\/\",\"name\":\"Effects of mild and moderate hypothermia on renal injury evaluated with neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin cystatin C and near infrared spectroscopy in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass graft surgery - Cardiovascular Journal of Africa\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2025-09-03T08:29:17+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-05-05T11:27:07+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/#\/schema\/person\/6bf8a30a039e93fd8112db707affb920\"},\"description\":\"The degree of hypothermia during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery may affect kidney injury. In this study we compared the effects of mild (MLD) and moderate (MOD) hypothermia on renal injury evaluated with Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), Cystatin-C (Cyc-C) and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in CABG surgery.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2025-040\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2025-040\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2025-040\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Effects of mild and moderate hypothermia on renal injury evaluated with neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin cystatin C and near infrared spectroscopy in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass graft surgery\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/\",\"name\":\"Cardiovascular Journal of Africa\",\"description\":\"The Cardiovascular Journal of Africa is a peer-reviewed medical journal publishing leading research in cardiovascular health across Africa since 1990\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/#\/schema\/person\/6bf8a30a039e93fd8112db707affb920\",\"name\":\"Jaco Moolman\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/454c6719ed785bfd40e036ca3c3ac3347c56b4a99902df8beb62d882b1e6967f?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/454c6719ed785bfd40e036ca3c3ac3347c56b4a99902df8beb62d882b1e6967f?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Jaco Moolman\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/author\/jacodesignconnection-co-za\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Effects of mild and moderate hypothermia on renal injury evaluated with neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin cystatin C and near infrared spectroscopy in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass graft surgery - Cardiovascular Journal of Africa","description":"The degree of hypothermia during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery may affect kidney injury. In this study we compared the effects of mild (MLD) and moderate (MOD) hypothermia on renal injury evaluated with Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), Cystatin-C (Cyc-C) and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in CABG surgery.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2025-040\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Effects of mild and moderate hypothermia on renal injury evaluated with neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin cystatin C and near infrared spectroscopy in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass graft surgery - Cardiovascular Journal of Africa","og_description":"The degree of hypothermia during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery may affect kidney injury. In this study we compared the effects of mild (MLD) and moderate (MOD) hypothermia on renal injury evaluated with Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), Cystatin-C (Cyc-C) and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in CABG surgery.","og_url":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2025-040\/","og_site_name":"Cardiovascular Journal of Africa","article_published_time":"2025-09-03T08:29:17+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-05-05T11:27:07+00:00","author":"Jaco Moolman","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Jaco Moolman","Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2025-040\/","url":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2025-040\/","name":"Effects of mild and moderate hypothermia on renal injury evaluated with neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin cystatin C and near infrared spectroscopy in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass graft surgery - Cardiovascular Journal of Africa","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/#website"},"datePublished":"2025-09-03T08:29:17+00:00","dateModified":"2026-05-05T11:27:07+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/#\/schema\/person\/6bf8a30a039e93fd8112db707affb920"},"description":"The degree of hypothermia during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery may affect kidney injury. In this study we compared the effects of mild (MLD) and moderate (MOD) hypothermia on renal injury evaluated with Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), Cystatin-C (Cyc-C) and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in CABG surgery.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2025-040\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2025-040\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2025-040\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Effects of mild and moderate hypothermia on renal injury evaluated with neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin cystatin C and near infrared spectroscopy in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass graft surgery"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/#website","url":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/","name":"Cardiovascular Journal of Africa","description":"The Cardiovascular Journal of Africa is a peer-reviewed medical journal publishing leading research in cardiovascular health across Africa since 1990","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/#\/schema\/person\/6bf8a30a039e93fd8112db707affb920","name":"Jaco Moolman","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/454c6719ed785bfd40e036ca3c3ac3347c56b4a99902df8beb62d882b1e6967f?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/454c6719ed785bfd40e036ca3c3ac3347c56b4a99902df8beb62d882b1e6967f?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Jaco Moolman"},"url":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/author\/jacodesignconnection-co-za\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5080","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5080"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5080\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5488,"href":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5080\/revisions\/5488"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5080"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5080"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5080"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}