{"id":5587,"date":"2026-06-05T12:18:52","date_gmt":"2026-06-05T10:18:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/?p=5587"},"modified":"2026-06-05T13:22:34","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T11:22:34","slug":"cvja-2026-004","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2026-004\/","title":{"rendered":"A comparative analysis of the effects of moderate vs mild hypothermia on serum neuron-specific enolase, S100\u03b2, and near-infrared spectroscopy during cardiopulmonary bypass-assisted open-heart surgery: a single-centre study"},"content":{"rendered":"    <div id=\"article\">                                                                                                                        \r\n        <div id=\"title-container\">                                                                                                    \r\n        <div id=\"authors-title\">                                                                                                            \r\n        <!--Aurthors under Title-->                                                                                                            \r\n            \r\nFeyza Tulek, Bahar Oc, Oguzhan Arun, Ali Unlu, Mehmet Oc, Jale Bengi Celik, Serkan Yildirim, Ates Duman\r\n<\/div>        \r\n<\/div>                                                                                                                            \r\n            <div id=\"copyright\">\r\n        <strong>Copyright:<\/strong> Clinics Cardive Publishing (Pty) Ltd. publisher\r\n        of Cardiovascular Journal of Africa.<\/div>\r\n    <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>                                                                                                                                \r\n        <div id=\"article-abstract\">                                                                                                            \r\n            <div id=\"abstract-title\">                                                                                                        \r\n                    Abstract                                                                                                                \r\n                <\/div>                                                                                                                        \r\n                                                                                                                                \r\n            <div id=\"abstract-content\">                                                                                                        \r\n            <!--Content of Abstract Article-->                                                                                                \r\n            <!--<strong>\"Abstract titles\":<\/strong>-->                                                                                        \r\n            <!--<br\/> at the end of each section!!-->                                                                                        \r\n                                                                                                                                                    \r\n\r\n        <strong>Purpose:<\/strong>                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                    \r\nNeurological injury remains a critical concern in cardiac surgery despite advancements in surgical and anaesthetic techniques. Hypothermia is commonly utilised for neuroprotection during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); however, the optimal temperature range remains undetermined. This study evaluates the neuroprotective effectiveness of mild versus moderate hypothermia by assessing neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100\u03b2 levels, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) cerebral oxygenation, and cognitive function in patients undergoing CPB-assisted open-heart surgery.\r\n<br \/>    \r\n\r\n        <strong>Methods:<\/strong>                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                    \r\nForty elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) patients were randomised to mild (32\u201334\u00b0C, n = 20) or moderate (28\u201332\u00b0C, n = 20) hypothermia groups. Serum NSE and S100\u03b2 levels were measured preoperatively and at 0, 12, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively. Cerebral oxygenation via NIRS and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores were evaluated preoperatively and at 24 and 48 hours postoperatively. This is a single-centre study. The primary outcome was the between-group difference in S100\u03b2 levels at 24 and 48 hours; all other variables were predefined secondary outcomes.\r\n<br \/>\r\n                \r\n                <strong>Results:<\/strong>                                                                                                    \r\nPostoperative NSE levels increased in both groups, with no significant intergroup differences (p > 0.05). However, S100\u03b2 levels were significantly lower in the moderate hypothermia group at 24 and 48 hours (p = 0.012, p = 0.004). NIRS values and MMSE scores remained comparable between groups (p > 0.05).\r\n<br \/>\r\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n        <strong>Conclusion:<\/strong>                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                    \r\nOur findings suggest that moderate hypothermia may offer improved neuroprotection by attenuating S100\u03b2 release without adversely affecting cerebral oxygenation or cognitive outcomes. Although these results are encouraging, further validation through larger, multicentre studies is warranted before definitive conclusions can be drawn.\r\n<br \/>    \r\n                                                                                                        \r\n\r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n            <\/div>                                                                                                                            \r\n        <\/div>                                                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                        \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n        <div id=\"keywords\">                                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                            \r\n            <strong>Keywords:<\/strong>                                                                                                        \r\n                                                                                                                                            \r\n            <strong>cardiopulmonary bypass, hypothermia, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S100\u03b2 protein, cerebral oxygenation<\/strong>                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n        <\/div>                                                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n    <div id=\"publish-info\">                                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                \r\n    <strong>Submitted:<\/strong> August 28, 2025; <!--Month day, year; -->    \r\n    <strong>Accepted:<\/strong> January 27, 2026; <!--Month day, year; -->                                                                            \r\n    <strong>Published:<\/strong> June 5, 2026<!--Month day, year; -->                                                                                                                            <br \/>                                                            \r\n        <em>Cardiovasc J Afr 2025; <b>37<\/b>: 208-214<!--pg no. till pg no. \"eg. 4-7\"--><\/em>\r\n        <br \/><strong>Volume 37, Issue 2<\/strong> <br \/>                                                                            \r\n        <\/div>                                                                                                                            \r\n                                                                                                                                        \r\n    <div id=\"DOI\">                                                                                                                    \r\n            DOI Citation Reference: dx.doi.org\/10.5830\/CVJA-2026-004<!--DOI number-->                                                                \r\n        <\/div>                                                                                                                            \r\n                \r\n                <div id=\"author-affiliation\">                                                                                                \r\n\r\n\r\n<strong>Department of Anesthesiology, Ministry of Health Konya Numune Hospital, Konya, Turkey\r\n\r\n<\/strong>    <br \/>                                                                            \r\nFeyza Tulek\r\n\r\n<br \/><br \/>   \r\n\r\n<strong>Department of Anesthesiology, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey\r\n\r\n<\/strong>    <br \/>                                                                            \r\nBahar Oc<br \/>\r\nOguzhan Arun<br \/>\r\nJale Bengi Celik\r\n\r\n<br \/><br \/>   \r\n\r\n<strong>Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey\r\n\r\n<\/strong>    <br \/>                                                                            \r\nAli Unlu\r\n\r\n<br \/><br \/>   \r\n\r\n<strong>Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey\r\n\r\n<\/strong>    <br \/>                                                                            \r\nMehmet Oc\r\n\r\n<br \/><br \/>   \r\n\r\n<strong>Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey\r\n\r\n<\/strong>    <br \/>                                                                            \r\nSerkan Yildirim\r\n\r\n<br \/><br \/>   \r\n\r\n<strong>Department of Anesthesiology, Atlas University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey\r\n\r\n<\/strong>    <br \/>                                                                            \r\nAtes Duman\r\n\r\n<br \/><br \/>   \r\n  \r\n\r\n                [soshsc hide=\"logged\"]\r\n                <strong>You need to be <a style=\"color: #c80c44;\" href=\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/member-login\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">logged in to view and download<\/a> the full text PDF version. <a style=\"color: #c80c44;\" href=\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/register\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Register for a free account?<\/a><\/strong> <br \/><br \/>[\/soshsc]\r\n                \r\n                \r\n                \r\n                <\/div>\r\n    \r\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Neurological injury remains a critical concern in cardiac surgery despite advancements in surgical and anaesthetic techniques. Hypothermia is commonly utilised for neuroprotection during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); however, the optimal temperature range remains undetermined. This study evaluates the neuroprotective effectiveness of mild versus moderate hypothermia by assessing neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100\u03b2 levels, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) cerebral oxygenation, and cognitive function in patients undergoing CPB-assisted open-heart surgery.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[44,110],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5587","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cardiovascular-topics","category-volume-37-issue-2"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A comparative analysis of the effects of moderate vs mild hypothermia on serum neuron-specific enolase, S100\u03b2, and near-infrared spectroscopy during cardiopulmonary bypass-assisted open-heart surgery: a single-centre study - Cardiovascular Journal of Africa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Neurological injury remains a critical concern in cardiac surgery despite advancements in surgical and anaesthetic techniques. Hypothermia is commonly utilised for neuroprotection during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); however, the optimal temperature range remains undetermined. This study evaluates the neuroprotective effectiveness of mild versus moderate hypothermia by assessing neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100\u03b2 levels, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) cerebral oxygenation, and cognitive function in patients undergoing CPB-assisted open-heart surgery.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2026-004\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A comparative analysis of the effects of moderate vs mild hypothermia on serum neuron-specific enolase, S100\u03b2, and near-infrared spectroscopy during cardiopulmonary bypass-assisted open-heart surgery: a single-centre study - Cardiovascular Journal of Africa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Neurological injury remains a critical concern in cardiac surgery despite advancements in surgical and anaesthetic techniques. Hypothermia is commonly utilised for neuroprotection during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); however, the optimal temperature range remains undetermined. This study evaluates the neuroprotective effectiveness of mild versus moderate hypothermia by assessing neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100\u03b2 levels, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) cerebral oxygenation, and cognitive function in patients undergoing CPB-assisted open-heart surgery.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2026-004\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Cardiovascular Journal of Africa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-06-05T10:18:52+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-06-05T11:22:34+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Jaco Moolman\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Jaco Moolman\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2026-004\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2026-004\/\",\"name\":\"A comparative analysis of the effects of moderate vs mild hypothermia on serum neuron-specific enolase, S100\u03b2, and near-infrared spectroscopy during cardiopulmonary bypass-assisted open-heart surgery: a single-centre study - Cardiovascular Journal of Africa\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2026-06-05T10:18:52+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-06-05T11:22:34+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/#\/schema\/person\/6bf8a30a039e93fd8112db707affb920\"},\"description\":\"Neurological injury remains a critical concern in cardiac surgery despite advancements in surgical and anaesthetic techniques. Hypothermia is commonly utilised for neuroprotection during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); however, the optimal temperature range remains undetermined. 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