{"id":5733,"date":"2026-10-02T15:21:59","date_gmt":"2026-10-02T13:21:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/?p=5733"},"modified":"2026-10-02T15:21:59","modified_gmt":"2026-10-02T13:21:59","slug":"cvja-2026-051","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2026-051\/","title":{"rendered":"Association of diabetes duration and adiposity with blood calcium and magnesium levels among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus"},"content":{"rendered":"    <div id=\"article\">                                                                                                                        \r\n        <div id=\"title-container\">                                                                                                    \r\n        <div id=\"authors-title\">                                                                                                            \r\n        <!--Aurthors under Title-->                                                                                                            \r\n            \r\nKharendwe Mamphishwana, Selekane A. Motadi, Tshifhiwa Mandiwana, Lavhelesani Negondeni, Lindelani F. Mushaphi\r\n<\/div>        \r\n<\/div>                                                                                                                            \r\n            <div id=\"copyright\">\r\n        <strong>Copyright:<\/strong> Clinics Cardive Publishing (Pty) Ltd. publisher\r\n        of Cardiovascular Journal of Africa.<\/div>\r\n    <div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>                                                                                                                                \r\n        <div id=\"article-abstract\">                                                                                                            \r\n            <div id=\"abstract-title\">                                                                                                        \r\n                    Abstract                                                                                                                \r\n                <\/div>                                                                                                                        \r\n                                                                                                                                \r\n            <div id=\"abstract-content\">                                                                                                        \r\n            <!--Content of Abstract Article-->                                                                                                \r\n            <!--<strong>\"Abstract titles\":<\/strong>-->                                                                                        \r\n            <!--<br\/> at the end of each section!!-->                                                                                        \r\n                                                                                                                                                    \r\n\r\n        <strong>Background:<\/strong>                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                    \r\nCalcium and magnesium are essential minerals involved in glucose metabolism and cardiovascular function. Low levels of these minerals may contribute to metabolic complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study assessed the prevalence of calcium and magnesium imbalances and their associations with diabetes duration, adiposity, and dietary factors among adults with T2DM.\r\n<br \/>    \r\n\r\n        <strong>Methods:<\/strong>                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                    \r\nA cross-sectional study was conducted among 339 adults with T2DM attending nine randomly selected clinics. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, clinical profile, anthropometric measurements, dietary diversity, and food intake were collected. Serum calcium and magnesium levels were measured and classified as low or high. Statistical associations were assessed at p < 0.05.\r\n<br \/>            \r\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n        <strong>Results:<\/strong>                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                    \r\nHypercalcaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, and hypermagnesaemia are common among adults with T2DM. Shorter diabetes duration (< 5 years) was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of both conditions (p < 0.05). Measures of adiposity, including overweight, obesity, and high-risk waist circumference, were also significantly associated with elevated mineral levels (p < 0.001). Low dietary diversity was linked to a higher prevalence of hypercalcaemia, while consumption of legumes was associated with lower prevalence of both hypercalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia (p < 0.001). Sociodemographic factors showed no consistent associations.\r\n<br \/>    \r\n\r\n        <strong>Conclusion:<\/strong>                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                    \r\nHypercalcaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, and hypermagnesaemia are common among adults with T2DM and are primarily associated with diabetes duration, adiposity, and dietary patterns. Strategies focusing on weight management and improved dietary diversity may help reduce the risk of mineral imbalance in this population.\r\n<br \/>    \r\n\r\n\r\n                                                                                                        \r\n\r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n            <\/div>                                                                                                                            \r\n        <\/div>                                                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                        \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n        <div id=\"keywords\">                                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                            \r\n            <strong>Keywords:<\/strong>                                                                                                        \r\n                                                                                                                                            \r\n            <strong>calcium status, magnesium status, type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetes duration, body mass index, sociodemographic characteristics<\/strong>                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n        <\/div>                                                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                                \r\n    <div id=\"publish-info\">                                                                                                                    \r\n                                                                                                                                \r\n    <strong>Submitted:<\/strong> May 8, 2026; <!--Month day, year; -->    \r\n    <strong>Accepted:<\/strong> June 19, 2026; <!--Month day, year; -->                                                                            \r\n    <strong>Published:<\/strong> October 2, 2026<!--Month day, year; -->                                                                                                                            <br \/>                                                            \r\n        <em>Cardiovasc J Afr 2025; <b>37<\/b>: 404-411<!--pg no. till pg no. \"eg. 4-7\"--><\/em>\r\n        <br \/><strong>Volume 37, Issue 4<\/strong> <br \/>                                                                            \r\n        <\/div>                                                                                                                            \r\n                                                                                                                                        \r\n    <div id=\"DOI\">                                                                                                                    \r\n            DOI Citation Reference: dx.doi.org\/10.5830\/CVJA-2026-051<!--DOI number-->                                                                \r\n        <\/div>                                                                                                                            \r\n                \r\n                <div id=\"author-affiliation\">                                                                                                \r\n \r\n\r\n<strong>Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa.\r\n\r\n<\/strong>    <br \/>                                                                            \r\nKharendwe Mamphishwana<br \/>   \r\nSelekane A. Motadi<br \/>   \r\nTshifhiwa Mandiwana<br \/>   \r\nLindelani F. Mushaphi\r\n<br \/><br \/>    \r\n\r\n<strong>Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa.\r\n\r\n<\/strong>    <br \/>                                                                            \r\nLavhelesani Negondeni\r\n<br \/><br \/>     \r\n\r\n\r\n                [soshsc hide=\"logged\"]\r\n                \r\n                <strong>You need to be <a style=\"color: #c80c44;\" href=\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/member-login\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">logged in to view and download<\/a> the full text PDF version. <a style=\"color: #c80c44;\" href=\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/register\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Register for a free account?<\/a><\/strong> <br \/><br \/>[\/soshsc]\r\n                \r\n                \r\n                \r\n                <\/div>\r\n    \r\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Calcium and magnesium are essential minerals involved in glucose metabolism and cardiovascular function. Low levels of these minerals may contribute to metabolic complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study assessed the prevalence of calcium and magnesium imbalances and their associations with diabetes duration, adiposity, and dietary factors among adults with T2DM.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[44,112],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5733","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cardiovascular-topics","category-volume-37-issue-4"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Association of diabetes duration and adiposity with blood calcium and magnesium levels among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus - Cardiovascular Journal of Africa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Calcium and magnesium are essential minerals involved in glucose metabolism and cardiovascular function. Low levels of these minerals may contribute to metabolic complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study assessed the prevalence of calcium and magnesium imbalances and their associations with diabetes duration, adiposity, and dietary factors among adults with T2DM.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cvja.co.za\/journal\/cvja-2026-051\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Association of diabetes duration and adiposity with blood calcium and magnesium levels among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus - Cardiovascular Journal of Africa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Calcium and magnesium are essential minerals involved in glucose metabolism and cardiovascular function. Low levels of these minerals may contribute to metabolic complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 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