Cardiovascular Journal of Africa: Vol 32 No 6 (NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2021)

CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 32, No 6, November/December 2021 318 AFRICA The authors are grateful to the patients of OOUTH and relatives who consented to participate in the study. We acknowledge the co-operation of the staff of the cardiac laboratories of OOUTH and the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, particularly Antabo. References 1. WHO. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014. World Health, 2014: 176. 2. Tibazarwa KB, Damasceno AA. Hypertension in developing countries. Can J Cardiol 2014; 30 (5): 527–533. 3. Touyz RM. Hypertension guidelines: Effect of blood pressure targets. Can J Cardiol 2019; 35 (5): 564–569. 4. Santulli G. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in the 21st century: updated numbers and updated facts. J Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 1 (1): 1–2. 5. Ogah OS, Okpechi I, Chukwuonye II, Akinyemi JO, Onwubere BJ, Falase AO, et al. Blood pressure, prevalence of hypertension and hyper- tension related complications in Nigerian Africans: A review. World J Cardiol 2012; 4 (12): 327–340. 6. Adeloye D, Basquill C, Aderemi A, Thompson J, Obi F. An estimate of the prevalence of hypertension in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta- analysis. J Hypertens 2015; 33 : 230–242. 7. Akinlua JT, Meakin R, Umar AM, Freemantle N. Current prevalence pattern of hypertension in Nigeria: A systematic review. Reboldi G (ed). PLoS One 2015; 10 (10): e0140021. 8. Cuspidi C, Meani S, Valerio C, Fusi V, Catini E, Sala C, et al . Prevalence and correlates of advanced retinopathy in a large selected hypertensive population. The Evaluation of Target Organ Damage in Hypertension (ETODH) study. Blood Press 2005; 14 (1): 25–31. 9. Dagli N, Karaca I, Yavuzkir M, Balin M, Arslan N. Are maximum P wave duration and P wave dispersion a marker of target organ damage in the hypertensive population? Clin Res Cardiol 2008; 97 (2): 98–104. 10. Chávez E, González E, Llanes C. Relationship between P-wave disper- sion , left ventricular mass index and blood pressure. Arch Argent Pediatr 2013; 111 (3): 206–212. 11. Yildiz M, Pazarli P, Semiz O, Kahyaoglu O, Sakar I, Altinkaynak S. Assessment of P-wave dispersion on 12-lead electrocardiography in students who exercise regularly. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2008; 31 (5): 580–583. 12. Guntekin U, Gunes Y, Tuncer M, Simsek H, Gunes A. Comparison of the effects of quinapril and irbesartan on P-wave dispersion in hyperten- sive patients. Adv Ther 2008; 25 (8): 775–786. 13. Tuncer M, Fettser DV, Gunes Y, Batyraliev TA, Guntekin U, Gumrukchuoglu KA, et al. Comparison of effects of nebivolol and atenolol on P-wave dispersion in patients with hypertension. Kardiologiia 2008; 48 (4): 42–45. 14. Gunduz H, Binak E, Arinc H, Akdemir R, Ozhan H, Tamer A, et al . The relationship between P wave dispersion and diastolic dysfunction. Tex Heart Inst J 2005; 32 (2): 163–167. 15. Fogari R, Derosa G, Ferrari I, Corradi L, Zoppi A, Lazzari P, et al . Effect of valsartan and ramipril on atrial fibrillation recurrence and P-wave dispersion in hypertensive patients with recurrent symptomatic lone atrial fibrillation. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21 (9): 1034–1039. 16. Ariyarajah V, Frisella ME, Spodick DH. Reevaluation of the criterion for interatrial block. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98 (7): 936–937. 17. Magnani JW, Williamson MA, Ellinor PT, Monahan KM, Benjamin EJ. P wave indices current status and future directions in epidemiology, clinical, and research applications. Circ Arrhyth Electrophysiol 2009; 2 : 72–79. 18. Nussinovitch U. Meta-analysis of p-wave dispersion values in healthy individuals: the influence of clinical characteristics. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2012; 17 (1): 28–35. 19. Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al . Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2015; 28 (1): 1–39. 20. Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T, et al . Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2016; 29 (4): 277–314. 21. Gialafos E, Psaltopoulou T, Papaioannou TG, Synetos A, Dilaveris P, Andrikopoulos G, et al. Prevalence of interatrial block in young healthy men < 35 years of age. Am J Cardiol 2007; 100 (6): 995–997. 22. Martín García A, Jiménez-Candil J, Hernández J, Martín García A, Martín Herrero F, Martín Luengo C. P Wave morphology and recur- rence after cardioversion of lone atrial fibrillation. Rev Española Cardiol 2012; 65 (3): 289–290. 23. Puerta RC, Aliz EL, Lopez-Calleja MAR, Ramirez RR, Pena GP. Increased p wave dispersion in elite athletes. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J 2011; 11 (3): 73–80. 24. Aytemir K, Ozer N, Atalar E, Sade E, Aksöyek S, Ovünç K, et al . P wave dispersion on 12-lead electrocardiography in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000; 23 (7): 1109–1112. 25. Koide Y, Yotsukura M, Ando H, Aoki S, Suzuki T, Sakata K, et al. Usefulness of P-wave dispersion in standard twelve-lead electrocardiog- raphy to predict transition from paroxysmal to persistent atrial fibrilla- tion. Am J Cardiol 2008; 102 (5): 573–577. 26. Yasar AS, Bilen E, Bilge M, Ipek G, Ipek E, Kirbas O. P-wave dura- tion and dispersion in patients with metabolic syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2009; 32 (9): 1168–1172. 27. Navid A, Spodick DH. Prevalence of interatrial block in a general hospital population. Am J Cardiol 2003; 6 (91): 609–610. 28. Tsai W-C, Lee K-T, Wu M-T, Chu C-S, Lin T-H, Hsu P-C, et al . Significant correlation of P-wave parameters with left atrial volume index and left ventricular diastolic function. Am J Med Sci 2012; 346 (1): 1. 29. Dilaveris PE, Stefanadis CI. P wave dispersion : a valuable non-invasive marker of vulnerability to atrial arrhythmias. Hospital Chronicles 2006; 1 (3): 130–137. 30. Tsai WC, Lee KT, Kuo HF, Tang WH, Jhuo SJ, Chu CS, et al . Association of increased arterial stiffness and P wave dispersion with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10 (11): 1437–1444. 31. Dilaveris PE, Gialafos JE. P-wave dispersion: a novel predictor of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2001; 6 (2): 159–165. 32. Duru M, Seyfeli E, Kuvandik G, Kaya H, Yalcin F. Effect of weight loss on P wave dispersion in obese subjects. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14 (8): 1378–1382. 33. Dobbelsteyn CJ, Flowerdew G, Canadian T, Health H. A comparative evaluation of waist circumference , waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index as indicators of cardiovascular risk factors . Can Heart Health Surv 2001; 652–661. 34. Karaca I, Durukan P, Dagli N, Yavuzkir M, Ikizceli I, Balin M. The effect of rapid blood pressure control on P-wave dispersion in hyperten- sive urgency. Adv Ther 2008; 25 (12): 1303–1314. 35. Cagirci G, Cay S, Karakurt O, Eryasar N, Acikel S, Dogan M, et al . P-wave dispersion increases in prehypertension. Blood Press 2009; 18 (1–2): 51–54.