Cardiovascular Journal of Africa: Vol 32 No 6 (NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2021)

CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 32, No 6, November/December 2021 AFRICA 325 size and systolic function of HIV-infected Lagos children accessing routine care: a pilot study. J Xiangya Med 2018; 3 : 14. 9. Idris NS, Cheung MMH, Grobbee DE, Burgner D, Kurniati N, Uiterwaal CSPM. Cardiac effects of antiretroviral-naïve versus antiret- roviral-exposed HIV infection in children. PLoS One 2016; 11 (1): e0146753. 10. 10. Hsue PY, Hunt PW,Ho JE, Farah HH, Schnell A, Hoh R, et al . Impact of HIV infection on diastolic function and left ventricular mass. Circ Heart Fail 2010; 3 (1): 132–139. 11. 11. Herskowitz A, Vlahov D, Willoughby S, Chaisson RE, Schulman SP, Neumann DA, et al . Prevalence and incidence of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Cardiol 1993; 71 (11): 955–958. 12. Ogunmodede JA, Kolo PM, Katibi IA, Salami AK, Omotoso A. Structural echocardiographic abnormalities seen in HIV/AIDS patients are independent of cd4 count. Niger J Clin Pract 2017; 20 : 716–723. 13. Meng Q, Lima JA, Lai H, Vlahov D, Celentano DD, Strathdee S, et al . Use of HIV protease inhibitors is associated with left ventricular morphologic changes and diastolic dysfunction . J AIDS 2002; 30 : 306–310. 14. Reinsch N, Kahlert P, Esser S, Sundermeyer A, Neuhaus A, Brockmeyer N, et al . Echocardiographic findings and abnormalities in HIV-infected patients: results from a large, prospective, multicenter HIV-heart study. Am J Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 1 (2): 176–184. 15. Vakili BA, Okin PM, Devereux RB. Prognostic implications of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am Heart J 2001; 141 : 334–341. 16. Uwanuruochi K, Onwubere BJ, Anisiuba BC. Echocardiographic study of left ventricular function in HIV-infected Nigerians. West Afr J Radiol 2015; 22 : 27–31. 17. WMA Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subject. www.wma.net/policies-post/wma- declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involv- ing-human-subjects/ 18. Araoye MO. Ilorin: Nathadex. Reseach Methodology with Statistics for Health and Social Sciences, 2003: 117–121. 19. Sani MU, Okeahialam BN, Ukoli CO. Electrocardiographic abnormali- ties in Nigerian AIDS patients. Cardiologie Tropicale 2004; 30 : 3–6. 20. Danbauchi SS, Sani BG, Alhassan AM, Oyati AI. Echocardiographic features of HIV/AIDS subjects on 1–2 years of ARV drugs in Nigeria. Available at http://www2.umdnj.edu/shindler/hivecho.html. 21. National Guidelines for HIV and AIDS Treatment and Care in Adolescents and Adults. Federal Ministry Of Health Abuja – Nigeria, October 2010: 16–28. https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/nigeria_ art.pdf 22. Centre for Disease Control. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. HIV/AIDS surveillance report, Atlanta, 1993: 1–23. 23. Henry WL, DeMaria A, Gramiak R, King DL, Kisslo JA, Popp RL, et al . Report of the American Society of Echocardiography committee on nomenclature and standards in 2-D echocardiography. Circulation 1980; 62 : 212–217. 24. Ajala AO, Akpa MR, Dodiyi-Manuel S. Pattern of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic abnormalities among HIV patients in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Int J HIV/AIDS Prevent Edu Behav Sci 2020; 6 (1): 15–24. 25. Akinyemi JO, Ogunbosi BO, Fayemiwo AS, Adesina OA, Obaro M, Kuti MA, et al . Demographic and epidemiological characteristics of HIV opportunistic infections among older adults in Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 2017; 17 (2): 315–321. 26. Walensky RP, Paltiel AD, Losina E, Mercincacavage LM, Schackman BR, Sax PE. The survival benefits of AIDS treatment in the United States. J Infect Dis 2006; 194 : 11–19. 27. WHOcase definitions of HIVfor surveillance and revisedClinical Staging and Immunological Classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children: 12–28. https://Apps.Who.Int/Iris/Handle/10665/43699 28. Nogueras M, Navarro G, Antón E, Sala M, Cervantes M, Amengual M, et al . Epidemiological and clinical features, response to HAART, and survival in HIV-infected patients diagnosed at the age of 50 or more. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6 : 159. 29. Perez JL, Moore RD. Greater effect of highly active antiretroviral ther- apy on survival in people aged ≥ 50 years compared to younger people in an urban observational cohort. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36 : 212–218. 30. Prasitsuebsai W, Kariminia A, Puthanakit T, Lumbiganon P, Hansudewechakul R, Siew Moy F, et al . Impact of antiretroviral therapy on opportunistic infections of HIV-infected children in the therapeutic research, education and AIDS training: Asia pediatric HIV observational database. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014; 33 (7): 747–752. 31. Ledergerber B, Egger M, Erard V, Weber R, Hirschel B, Furrer H, et al . AIDS-related opportunistic illnesses occurring after initiation of potent antiretroviral therapy: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. J Am Med Assoc 1999; 282 : 2220–2226. 32. Etard JF, Ndiaye I, Thierry-Mieg M, Gueye NF, Gueye PM, Laniece I, et al. Mortality and causes of death in adults receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy in Senegal: a 7-year cohort study. AIDS 2006; 20 : 1181–1189. 33. Shikuma CM, Zackin R,Sattler F, Mildvan D, Nyangweso P, Alston B. Changes in weight and lean body mass during highly active antiretrovi- ral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39 : 1223–1230. 34. Pernerstorfer-Schoen H, Schindler K, Parschalk B. Beneficial effects of protease inhibitors on body composition and energy expenditure: a comparison between HIV-infected and AIDS patients. AIDS 1999; 13 : 2389–2396. 35. McDermott AY, Shevitz A, Knox T, Roubenoff R, Kehayias J, Gorbach S. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on fat, lean, and bone mass in HIV-seropositive men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74 (5): 679–686. 36. Engelson ES, Kotler DP, Tan Y, Agin D, Wang J, Pierson RN. Fat distribution in HIV-infected patients reporting truncal enlargement quantified by whole-body magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69 : 1162–1169. 37. Sweet DE. Metabolic complications of antiretroviral therapy. Top HIV Med 2005; 13: 70–74. 38. Dau B, Holodniy M. The relationship between HIV infection and cardiovascular disease. Curr Cardiol Rev 2008; 4 (3): 203–218. 39. Vallilo NG, Durigon GS, Lianza AC, de Fatima RD, Shiraishi S, Karen S. Echocardiographic follow-up of perinatally HIV-infected children and adolescents. Pediat Infect Dis J 2020; 39 (6): 526–532. 40. Williams PL, Correia K, Karalius B, van Dyke RB, Wilkinson JD, Shearer WT. Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study. Cardiac status of perinatally HIV-infected children: assessing combination antiretroviral regimens in observational studies. AIDS 2018; 32 : 2337–2346. 41. Vakili BA, Okin PM, Devereux RB. Prognostic implications of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am Heart J 2001; 141 : 334–341. 42. Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Why is left ventricular hypertrophy so predictive of morbidity and mortality? Am J Med Sci 1999; 317 : 168–175. 43. Ather M, Elizabeth TG, Jack D, Kathryn A, Robert CK, Jason M. The association of HIV infection with left ventricular mass/hypertrophy. AIDS Res Human Retrovirus 2009; 25 (5): 475–481. 44. Okeke NL, Alenezi F, Bloomfield GS,Dunning A, Clement ME, Shah