CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 33, No 3, May/June 2022 130 AFRICA plus smoking (12.6%) and immobilisation (11.3%). Regarding the course of CVD, chronic cases were predominant (49.5%). The rest of the cases were acute (39.1%) and acute exacerbation on a chronic background (11.3%) (Table 4). SGP measurements of each lower extremity were done individually to compare the involved extremity with the normal contralateral side. Measurements of patients with right-sided involvement are provided in Table 5. According to these measurements, mean VE of the right leg was 90.45 ± 9.35 ml/100 ml/min and of the left leg, it was 101.69 ± 6.75 ml/100 ml/min; V of the right leg was 6.45 ± 0.14 ml/100 ml and of the left leg, it was 6.18 ± 0.06 ml/100 ml; EV4/V of the right leg was 0.63 ± 0.07 and of the left leg, it was 0.73 ± 0.05; RV of the right leg was 1.31 ± 0.20 ml/100 ml and of the left leg, it was 1.54 ± 0.08 ml/100 ml; t½ of the right leg was 6.30 ± 1.24 s and of the left leg, it was 10.50 ± 2.02 s. Statistically significant difference was present in all five parameters between the affected right and the unaffected left leg. Measurements of patients with left-sided involvement are provided in Table 6. According to these measurements, the mean VE of the right leg was 105.08 ± 3.66 ml/100 ml/min and of the left leg, it was 87.99 ± 9.49 ml/100 ml/min; V of the right leg was 6.20 ± 0.09 ml/100 ml and of the left leg, it was 6.58 ± 0.22 ml/100 ml; EV4/V of the right leg was 0.73 ± 0.05 and of the left leg, it was 0.63 ± 0.08; RV of the right leg was 1.49 ± 0.16 ml/100 ml and of the left leg, it was 1.29 ± 0.34 ml/100 ml; t½ of the right leg was 11.94 ± 1.57 s and of the left leg, it was 6.65 ± 1.60 s. Statistically significant difference was present in all five parameters between the affected left and the unaffected right leg. The SGP measurements of each affected lower limb are compared separately by gender in Table 7. In the right-sided pathologies, EV4/V (p = 0.009), RV (p = 0.017) and t½ (p = 0.005) Table 1. Diagnostic distribution of the pathologies according to the initial duplex ultrasound imaging test Pathologies Number Percentage Deep-vein thrombosis 215 49.8 Deep venous insufficiency 20 4.6 Thrombophlebitis 24 5.6 Chronic venous insufficiency 173 40.0 Total 432 100.0 Table 2. Diagnostic distribution of the pathologies according to localisation and lateralisation Pathologies Number Percentage Right 206 47.7 Right femoral vein 5 1.2 Right femoral + popliteal veins 22 5.1 Right ıliac, femoral, popliteal veins 2 0.5 Right popliteal vein 46 10.6 Right great saphenous vein 115 26.6 Right small saphenous vein 17 3.9 Left 226 52.3 Left femoral 3 0.7 Left femoral + popliteal veins 16 3.7 Left ıliac, femoral, popliteal veins 44 10.2 Left popliteal vein 77 17.8 Left popliteal + femoral veins 20 4.6 Left great saphenous vein 37 8.6 Left small saphenous vein 28 6.5 Total 432 100.0 Table 3. Distribution of risk factors Risk factors Number Percentage Immobilisation 43 10.0 Genetic (factor 5 Leiden mutation etc.) 42 9.7 Smoking 42 9.7 Pregnancy 41 9.5 Past operation 40 9.3 High altitude 36 8.3 Obesity 33 7.6 Occupational disease 33 7.6 Oral contraceptives + smoking 30 6.9 Malignancy 28 6.5 Sedentary life 26 6.0 Trauma 20 4.6 Onychomycosis 14 3.2 Other 4 0.9 Total 432 100.0 Table 4. Distribution of disease onset Disease onset Number Percentage Acute 169 39.1 Chronic 214 49.5 Acute exacerbation on chronic onset 49 11.3 Total 432 100.0 Table 5. Bilateral plethysmography measurements of 206 patients with right-sided pathology Parameters Average SD Median Minimum Maximum p-value* VE (R) 90.45 9.35 89.50 69.00 108.00 < 0.001 VE (L) 101.69 6.75 100.00 85.00 115.00 V (R) 6.45 0.14 6.45 6.20 7.00 < 0.001 V (L) 6.18 0.06 6.20 6.00 6.50 EV4/V (R) 0.63 0.07 0.63 0.49 0.80 < 0.001 EV4/V (L) 0.73 0.05 0.75 0.54 0.90 RV (R) 1.31 0.20 1.40 1.00 1.60 < 0.001 RV (L) 1.54 0.08 1.60 1.40 1.70 t½ (R) 6.30 1.24 6.50 5.00 10.00 < 0.001 t½ (L) 10.50 2.02 11.00 7.00 15.00 *Wilcoxon signed rank test. VE: venous emptying, V: venous volume, EV4/V: expelled volume ratio in four seconds, RV: refilling volume, t½: half refilling time, R: right, L: left, SD: standard deviation. Table 6. Bilateral plethysmography measurements of 226 patients with left-sided pathology Parameters Average SD Median Minimum Maximum p-value* VE (R) 105.08 3.66 105.00 90.00 115.00 < 0.001 VE (L) 87.99 9.49 86.00 66.00 115.00 V (R) 6.20 0.09 6.15 6.00 6.40 < 0.001 V (L) 6.58 0.22 6.70 6.15 7.00 EV4/V (R) 0.73 0.05 0.74 0.65 0.90 < 0.001 EV4/V (L) 0.63 0.08 0.65 0.49 0.82 RV (R) 1.49 0.16 1.40 1.20 1.80 < 0.001 RV (L) 1.29 0.34 1.12 1.00 1.65 t½ (R) 11.94 1.57 13.00 7.00 13.00 < 0.001 t½ (L) 6.65 1.60 6.20 5.00 14.00 * Wilcoxon signed rank test. VE: venous emptying, V: venous volume, EV4/V: expelled volume ratio in four seconds, RV: refilling volume, t½: half refilling time, R: right, L: left, SD: standard deviation.
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