CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 33, No 3, May/June 2022 AFRICA 107 The relatively low risk of complications, with the potential beneficial effects on opioid consumption, duration of ventilation and ICU length of stay, make fascial plane analgesia techniques an exciting field of research. More research is necessary to validate fascial plane blocks. We expect them to become part of our daily cardiac anaesthesia techniques and part of any cardiac ERAS programme. References 1. Kelava M, Alfirevic A, Bustamante S, Hargrave J, Marciniak D. Regional anaesthesia in cardiac surgery: an overview of fascial plane chest wall blocks. Anesth Analg 2020; 131(1): 127–135. 2. Alexander JC. Regional techniques for cardiac and cardiac-related procedures. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019; 33(2): 532–546. 3. Mazzeffi M, Khelemsky Y. Poststernotomy pain: a clinical review. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2011; 25(6): 1163–1178. 4. Huang APS, Rioko RK. Dor após esternotomia – revisão. Pain after sternotomy – review. Brazilian J Anesth 2016; 66(4): 395–401. 5. Blanco R. The ‘pecs block’: a novel technique for providing analgesia after breast surgery. Anaesthesia 2011; 66(9): 847–848. 6. Shakuo T, Kakumoto S, Kuribayashi J, Oe K, Seo K. Continuous PECS II block for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing transapical transcatheter aortic valve implantation. JA Clin Rep 2017; 3(1): 65. 7. Kaushal B. Comparison of the efficacy of ultrasound-guided serratus anterior plane block, pectoral nerves II block, and intercostal nerve block for the management of postoperative thoracotomy pain after pediatric cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019; 33(2): 418–425. 8. Ueshima H, Kitamura A. Clinical experiences of ultrasound-guided transversus thoracic muscle plane block: a clinical experience. J Clin Anesth 2015; 27: 428–429. 9. Ueshima H, Otake H. Continuous transversus thoracic muscle plane block is effective for the median sternotomy. J Clin Anesth 2017; 37: 174. 10. Zhang Y, Gong H, Zhan B, Chen S. Effects of bilateral pecto-intercostal fascial block for perioperative pain management in patients undergoing open cardiac surgery: a prospective randomized study. BMC Anesthesiology 2021; 21: 175. 11. Aydin ME, Ahiskalioglu A, Ates Ihttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/32665179/ - affiliation-3, Tor IH, Borulu F, Erguney OD, et al. Efficacy of ultrasound-guided transversus thoracic muscle plane block on postoperative opioid consumption after cardiac surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020; 34(11): 2996–3003. 12. Khera T, Murugappan KR, Leibowitz A, Bareli N, Shankar P, Scott Gilleland S, et al. Ultrasound-guided pecto-intercostal fascial block for postoperative pain management in cardiac surgery: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020; 35(3): 896–903. 13. Schwartzmann A, Peng P, Maciel MA, Ferero M. Mechanisms of erector spinae plane block: insights from a magnetic resonance imaging study. Can J Anesth 2018; 65: 1165–1166. 14. Athar M, Parveen S, Yadav M, Siddiqui OA, Nasreen F, Ali S, et al. A randomized double-blind controlled trial to assess the efficacy of ultrasoundguided erector spinae plane block in cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2021; 35(12): 3574–3580. 15. Turkmen S, Mutlu M. Evaluation of the effect of different block techniques on open-heart surgery in the postoperative period: a prospective observational study. Cardiovasc J Afr 2022; 33: 153–156.
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