CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 33, No 4, July/August 2022 AFRICA 215 Public Health 2020; 5(1): e51–61. 33. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Seattle, Washington, USA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME); 2018. http://www. healthdata.org/policy-report/findings-global-burden-disease-study-2017 34. Ferreira-Borges C, Parry C, Babor T. Harmful use of alcohol: a shadow over sub-Saharan Africa in need of workable solutions. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14(4): 346. 35. World Health Organization, editor. Global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2010: 1–38. 36. World Health Organization. Noncommunicable Diseases Global Monitoring Framework: Indicator Definitions and Specifications. World Health Organization, 2014. http://www.who.int/nmh/global_ monitoring_framework/en/ 37. Rehm J, Mathers C, Popova S, Thavorncharoensap M, Teerawattananon Y, Patra J. Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet 2009; 373(9682): 2223–2233. 38. Schneider M, Norman R, Parry C, Bradshaw D, Plüddemann A, and the South African Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group. Estimating the burden of disease attributable to alcohol use in South Africa in 2000. S Afr Med J 2007; 97(8). 39. Phaswana-Mafuya N, Peltzer K, Chirinda W, Musekiwa A, Kose Z. Sociodemographic predictors of multiple non-communicable disease risk factors among older adults in South Africa. Glob Health Action 2013; 6(1): 20680. 40. Zatu MC, van Rooyen JM, Loots DT, Wentzel-Viljoen E, Greeff M, Schutte AE. Self-reported alcohol intake is a better estimate of 5-year change in blood pressure than biochemical markers in low resource settings: the PURE study. J Hypertens 2014; 32(4): 749–755. 41. Pisa PT, Vorster HH, Kruger A, Margetts B, Loots DT. Association of alcohol consumption with specific biomarkers: a cross-sectional study in South Africa. J Health Popul Nutr 2015; 33(1): 146–156. 42. Oosthuizen W, Malan L, Scheepers JD, Cockeran M, Malan NT. The defense response and alcohol intake: A coronary artery disease risk? The SABPA Study. Clin Exper Hypertens 2016; 38(6): 526–532. 43. Peltzer K, Phaswana-Mafuya N. Hypertension and associated factors in older adults in South Africa. Cardiovasc J Afr 2013; 24(3): 66–71. 44. Peer N, Lombard C, Steyn K, Levitt N. Rising alcohol consumption and a high prevalence of problem drinking in black men and women in Cape Town: the CRIBSA study. J Epidemiol Commun Health 2014; 68(5): 446–452. 45. Peltzer K, Chao L-W, Ramlagan S, Szrek H. Daily tobacco use and problem drinking among urban adults in South Africa: a longitudinal study. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 32(51). 46. McLoughlin J-A, Little F, Mazok C, Parry C, London L. Prevalence of and associations with papsak wine consumption among farm workers in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2013; 74(6): 879–888. 47. Maritz M, Fourie CMT, van Rooyen JM, Kruger IM, Schutte AE. A health profile associated with excessive alcohol use independently predicts aortic stiffness over 10 years in black South Africans. J Hypertens 2017; 35(11): 2268–2275. 48. Probst C, Shuper PA, Rehm J. Coverage of alcohol consumption by national surveys in South Africa: Coverage of alcohol use in South Africa. Addiction 2017; 112(4): 705–710. 49. Bertscher A. Exploring the complex policy formulation process of the Draft Control of Marketing of Alcoholic Beverages Bill in South Africa. [Cape Town]: University of Cape Town; 2017. https://open.uct.ac.za/ bitstream/handle/11427/25197/thesis_hsf_2017_bertscher_adam.pdf 50. Morojele NK, Dumbili EW, Obot IS, Parry CDH. Alcohol consumption, harms and policy developments in sub‐Saharan Africa: The case for stronger national and regional responses. Drug Alcohol Rev 2021; 40(3): 402–419. 51. Harker Burnhams N, Bharat C, Williams DR, Stein DJ, Myers B. Transitions between lifetime alcohol use, regular use and remission: Results from the 2004 South African Stress and Health Survey. S Afr Med J 2018; 109(1): 40. 52. World Health Organization. WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000–2025, 3rd edn. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2019. https://www.who.int/publicationsdetail-redirect/who-global-report-on-trends-in-prevalence-of-tobaccouse-2000-2025-third-edition 53. World Health Organization. Global action plan for the prevention and control of non communicable diseases 2013–2020. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2013. http://www.who.int/nmh/events/ncd_ action_plan/en/ 54. Mathers C, World Health Organization. WHO global report: mortality attributable to tobacco [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2012. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2012/9789241564434_eng.pdf 55. World Health Organization. WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking, 2015. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2015. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstre am/10665/156262/1/9789241564922_eng.pdf 56. Shisana O, Labadarios D, Rehle T, Simbayi L, Zuma K, Dhansay A, et al. The South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2012: SANHANES-1: the health and nutritional status of the nation. Cape Town: HSRC Press; 2014. http://repository.hsrc.ac.za/ handle/20.500.11910/2864 57. Reddy P, Zuma K, Shisana O, Kim J, Sewpaul R. Prevalence of tobacco use among adults in South Africa: Results from the first South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. S Afr Med J 2015; 105(8): 648. 58. Ayo-Yusuf OA, Olutola BG, Agaku IT. Cigarette smoking trends and social disparities among South African adults, 2003–2011. Nicotine Tobacco Res J 2015; 17(8): 1049–1055. 59. Lau YK, Tam J, Fleischer NL, Meza R. Neighbourhood deprivation, smoking, and race in South Africa: A cross-sectional analysis. Prev Med Rep 2018; 11: 202–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.07.001 60. Chelwa G, Koch SF. The effect of tobacco expenditure on expenditure shares in South African households: A genetic matching approach. PLoS One 2019; 14(9): e0222000. 61. Lloyd-Sherlock P, Beard J, Minicuci N, Ebrahim S, Chatterji S. Hypertension among older adults in low- and middle-income countries: prevalence, awareness and control. Int J Epidemiol 2014; 43(1): 116–128. 62. Shukla A, Kumar K, Singh A. Association between obesity and selected morbidities: a study of BRICS countries. PLoS One 2014; 9(4): e94433. 63. Oyebode O, Pape UJ, Laverty AA, Lee JT, Bhan N, Millett C. Rural, urban and migrant differences in non-communicable disease risk-factors in middle income countries: a cross-sectional study of WHO-SAGE data. PLoS One 2015; 10(4): e0122747. h 64. Arokiasamy P, Uttamacharya, Kowal P, Capistrant BD, Gildner TE, Thiele E, et al. Chronic noncommunicable diseases in 6 low- and middle-income countries: findings from wave 1 of the World Health Organization’s Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE). Am J Epidemiol 2017; 185(6): 414–428. 65. Koyanagi A, Stubbs B, Vancampfort D. Correlates of sedentary behavior in the general population: a cross-sectional study using nationally
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy NDIzNzc=