CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 33, No 5, September/October 2022 AFRICA 259 Conclusion The results of this study have shown that ET of TAO had promising primary and secondary patency rates with high technical success and limb-salvage rates. Because there is still controversy in the treatment of TAO, prospective, randomised research is needed to specify the effectiveness of ET. References 1. Buerger L. Landmark publication from the American Journal of the Medical Sciences: Thrombo-angiitis obliterans: a study of the vascular lesions leading to presenile spontaneous gangrene, 1908. Am J Med Sci 2009; 337: 274–284. 2. Fazeli B. Buerger’s disease as an indicator of socioeconomic development in different societies, a cross-sectional descriptive study in the north-east of Iran. Arch Med Sci 2010; 6: 343–347. 3. Fazeli B, Ravari H. Mechanisms of thrombosis, available treatments and management challenges presented by thromboangiitis obliterans. Curr Med Chem 2015; 22: 1992–2001. 4. 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Endovascular treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease). Vasc Endovasc Surg 2018; 52: 124–130. …continued from page 242 For example, adults with serum sodium levels starting at 143 mEq/l (normal range is 135–146 mEq/l) in midlife had a 39% associated increased risk for developing heart failure compared with adults with lower levels. And for every 1 mEq/l increase in serum sodium level within the normal range of 135–146 mEq/l, the likelihood of a participant developing heart failure increased by 5%. In a cohort of about 5 000 adults aged 70–90 years, those with serum sodium levels of 142.5–143 mEq/l at middle age were 62% more likely to develop left ventricular hypertrophy. Serum sodium levels starting at 143 mEq/l correlated with a 102% increased risk for left ventricular hypertrophy and a 54% increased risk for heart failure. Based on these data, the authors conclude serum sodium levels above 142 mEq/l in middle age are associated with increased risks for developing left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure later in life. A randomised, controlled trial will be necessary to confirm these preliminary findings, the researchers said. However, these early associations suggest good hydration may help prevent or slow the progression of changes within the heart that can lead to heart failure. ‘Serum sodium and fluid intake can easily be assessed in clinical examinations and help doctors identify patients who may benefit from learning about ways to stay hydrated,’ said Dr Manfred Boehm, who leads the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine. Fluids are essential for a range of bodily functions, including helping the heart pump blood efficiently, supporting blood vessel function, and orchestrating circulation. Yet many people take in far less than they need, the researchers said. While fluid guidelines vary based on the body’s needs, the researchers recommended a daily fluid intake of 1.5– 2.1 litres for women and 2–3 litres) for men. Published in the European Heart Journal on 29 March 2022
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