Cardiovascular Journal of Africa: Vol 33 No 6 (NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2022)

CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 33, No 6, November/December 2022 328 AFRICA 13. Pradhan A, Gupta V, Vishwakarma P. Prosthetic heart valves and pregnancy: challenges and solutions. Indian J Cardivasc Dis Women 2018; 3: 115–125. 14. Scherman J, Mangayi R, Humal P, Pennel T, et al. Isolated mechanical aortic valve replacememt in rheumatic patients in a low- to middle- ncome country. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 157: 886–893. 15. Alshawabkeh L, Economy KE, Valente AM. Anticoagulation during pregnancy. Evolving strategies with a focus on mechanical valves. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 68(16): 1804–1813. 16. Chan WS, Anand S, Ginsberg JS. Anticoagulation of pregnant women with mechanical heart valves: a systematic review of the literature. Arch Int Med 2000; 160: 191–196. 17. Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, Arbelo E, Bax JJ, BlomströmLundqvist C, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J (2021) 42: 373–498. 18. Bitar YdSL, Duraes AR, Roever L, Gomes Neto M, Lins-Kusterer L, Bocchi EA. Comparison of the direct oral anticoagulants and warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and valvular heart disease: updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8: 712585. 19. Maegdefessel L, Linde T, Krapiec F, Hamilton K, Steinseifer U, van Ryn J, et al. In vitro comparison of dabigatran, unfractionated heparin, and low-molecular-weight heparin in preventing thrombus formation on mechanical heart valves. Thromb Res 2010; 126: e196–200. 20. Lamejjer H, Aalberts JJ, van Veldhuisen DJ, Meijer K, Pieper PG. Efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants during pregnancy; a systematic literature review. J Thrombres 2018; 169: 123–127. 21. Beyer-Westendorf J, Naue C, Tittl L, Martin S. Outcome of DOAC exposure during pregnancy (…and the problem of event reporting…). Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 4(Suppl 1). 22. Goland S, Schwartzenberg S, Fan J, Kozak N, Khatri N, Elkayam U. Monitoring of anti-Xa in pregnant patients with mechanical prosthetic valves receiving low molecular-weight heparin: Peak or trough levels? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2014; 19: 451–456. 23. Beresheim M, Wilkie J, Nerenberg KA, et al. A case series of LMWH use in pregnancy: should trough anti Xa levels guide dosing? Thromb Res 2014; 134: 1234–1240. 24. Hirsh J, Anand SS, Halperin JL, Fuster V. Mechanism of action and pharmacology of unfractionated heparin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21: 1094–1096. 25. Lauer BR, Nelson RA, Adamski JH, Gibbons J, Janko MR, Ravi G, et al. Protamine sulfate for the reversal of enoxaparin associated hemorrhage beyond 12 hours. Am J Emerg Med 2019; 37(1): 174.e5–174.e6. 26. Wali M, Latif MT, Lockwood M, Saeyeldin A, Borz-Bab C. Warfarininduced skin necrosis despite enoxaparin bridging therapy. Cureus 2022; 14(1): e20883. 27. Schwarz UI, Ritchie MD, Bradford Y, et al. Genetic determinants of response to warfarin during initial anticoagulation. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 999–1008. 28. Rieder MJ, Reiner AP, Gage BF, et al. Effect of VKORC1 haplotypes on transcriptional regulation and warfarin dose. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 2285–2293. 29. Cadamuro J, Dieplinger B, Felder T, et al. Genetic determinants of acenocoumarol and phenprocoumon maintenance dose requirements. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 66: 253–260. 30. Xu Z, Fan J, Luo X, Zhang WB, Ma J, Lin YB, et al. Anticoagulation regimens during pregnancy in patients with mechanical heart valves: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol 2016; 32(10): 1248. e1–1248.e9. 31. D’Souza R, Ostro J, Shah PS, et al. Anticogulation for pregnant women with mechanical heart valves: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Euroheart J 2017; 38: 1509-1516. 32. Guyatt GH, Akl EA, Crowther M, Schünemann HJ, Gutterman DD, Lewis SZ. Introduction to the ninth edition: Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis. 9th ed. American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2012; 141(2 Suppl) 48S–52SS. 33. Van Hagen IM, Roos-Hesselink JW, Ruys TP, et al. Pregnancy in women with a mechanical heart valve: data of the European Society of Cardiology Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease (ROPAC). Circulation 2015; 132: 132–142. 34. Chan WS, Anand S, Ginsberg JS. Anticoagulation of pregnant women with mechanical heart valves: a systematic review of the literature. Arch Int Med 2000; 160: 191–196.

RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy NDIzNzc=