CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 34, No 1, January–April 2023 AFRICA 15 6. Zoghbi WA, Adams D, Bonow RO, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, Grayburn PA, et al. Recommendations for noninvasive evaluation of native valvular regurgitation: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography developed in collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2017; 30: 303–371. 7. Didier D, Ratib O, Lerch R, Friedli B. Detection and quantification of valvular heart disease with dynamic cardiac MR imaging. Radiographics 2000; 20: 1279–1299. 8. Dall’Armellina E, Hamilton C, Hundley G. Assessment of blood flow and valvular heart disease using phase-contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Echocardiography 2007; 24: 207–216. 9. Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, et al; Chamber Quantification Writing Group; American Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee; European Association of Echocardiography. Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005; 18(12): 1440–1463. 10. American College of Radiology; Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography; Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance; American Society of Nuclear Cardiology; North American Society for Cardiac Imaging; Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions; Society of Interventional Radiology. ACCF/ACR/SCCT/ SCMR/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SIR 2006 appropriateness criteria for cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group. J Am Coll Radiol 2006; 3(10): 751–771. 11. American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents, Hundley WG, Bluemke DA, Finn JP, Flamm SD, Fogel MA, Friedrich MG, et al. ACCF/ACR/AHA/NASCI/SCMR 2010 expert consensus document on cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55(23): 2614–2662. 12. Hundley WG, Li HF, Hillis LD, Meshack BM, Lange RA, Willard JE, et al. Quantitation of cardiac output with velocity-encoded, phasedifference magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75(17): 1250–1255. 13. Firmin DN, Nayler GL, Kilner PJ, Longmore DB. The application of phase shifts in NMR for flow measurement. Magn Reson Med 1990; 14(2): 230–241. 14. Gelfand EV, Hughes S, Hauser TH, Yeon SB, Goepfert L, Kissinger KVet al. Severity of mitral and aortic regurgitation as assessed by cardio- vascular magnetic resonance: optimizing correlation with Doppler echocardiography. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2006; 8: 503–507. 15. Khan JN, Singh A, Nazir SA, Kanagala P, Gershlick AH, McCann GP. Comparison of cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking and tagging for the assessment of left ventricular systolic strain in acute myocardial infarction. Eur J Radiol 2015; 84: 840–848. 16. Pouleur AC, le Polain de Waroux JB, Goffinet C, Vancraeynest D, Pasquet A, Gerber BL, Vanoverschelde JL. Accuracy of the flow convergence method for quantification of aortic regurgitation in patients with central versus eccentric jets. Am J Cardiol 2008; 102(4): 475–480. 17. Schwammenthal E, Chen C, Giesler M, Sagie A, Guerrero JL, Vazquez de Prada JA, et al. New method for accurate calculation of regurgitant flow rate based on analysis of Doppler color flow maps of the proximal flow field. Validation in a canine model of mitral regurgitation with initial application in patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27(1): 161–172. 18. Tribouilloy CM, Enriquez-Sarano M, Fett SL, Bailey KR, Seward JB, Tajik AJ. Application of the proximal flow convergence method to calculate the effective regurgitant orifice area in aortic regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32(4): 1032–1039 19. Choi J, Hong GR, KimM, Cho IJ, Shim CY, Chang HJ, et al. Automatic quantification of aortic regurgitation using 3D full volume color doppler echocardiography: a validation study with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 31(7): 1379–1389. 20. Uretsky S, Supariwala A, Nidadovolu P, Khokhar SS, Comeau C, Shubayev O, et al. Quantification of left ventricular remodeling in response to isolated aortic or mitral regurgitation. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2010; 12(1): 32. 21. Cawley PJ, Hamilton-Craig C, Owens DS, Krieger EV, Strugnell WE, Mitsumori L, et al. Prospective comparison of valve regurgitation quantitation by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and transthoracic echocardiography. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 6(1): 48–57. 22. Dulce MC, Mostbeck GH, O’Sullivan M, Cheitlin M, Caputo GR, Higgins CB. Severity of aortic regurgitation: interstudy reproducibility of measurements with velocity-encoded cine MR imaging. Radiology 1992; 185(1): 235–240. 23. Iwakura K, Ito H, Kawano S, Okamura A, Kurotobi T, Date M, et al. Comparison of orifice area by transthoracic three-dimensional Doppler echocardiography versus proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) method for assessment of mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97(11): 1630–1637. 24. Schwammenthal E, Chen C, Benning F, Block M, Breithardt G, Levine RA. Dynamics of mitral regurgitant flow and orifice area. Physiologic application of the proximal flow convergence method: clinical data and experimental testing. Circulation 1994; 90(1): 307–322. 25. Topilsky Y, Michelena H, Bichara V, Maalouf J, Mahoney DW, Enriquez-Sarano M. Mitral valve prolapse with mid-late systolic mitral regurgitation: pitfalls of evaluation and clinical outcome compared with holosystolic regurgitation. Circulation 2012; 125(13): 1643–1651. 26. Utsunomiya T, Ogawa T, Doshi R, Patel D, Quan M, Henry WL, Gardin JM. Doppler color flow ‘proximal isovelocity surface area’ method for estimating volume flow rate: effects of orifice shape and machine factors. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 17(5): 1103–1111. 27. Kammerlander AA, Wiesinger M, Duca F, Aschauer S, Binder C, Zotter Tufaro C, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic utility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in aortic regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 12(8 Pt 1): 1474–1483. 28. Ley S, Eichhorn J, Ley-Zaporozhan J, Ulmer H, Schenk JP, Kauczor HU, Arnold R. Evaluation of aortic regurgitation in congenital heart disease: value of MR imaging in comparison to echocardiography. Pediatr Radiol 2007; 37(5): 426–436. 29. Kutty S, Whitehead KK, Natarajan S, Harris MA, Wernovsky G, Fogel MA. Qualitative echocardiographic assessment of aortic valve regurgitation with quantitative cardiac magnetic resonance: a comparative study. Pediatr Cardiol 2009; 30(7): 971–977. 30. Polte CL, Gao SA, Johnsson ÅA, Lagerstrand KM, Bech-Hanssen O. Characterization of chronic aortic and mitral regurgitation undergoing valve surgery using cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Am J Cardiol 2017; 119 (12): 2061–2068. 31. Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, De Bonis M, Hamm C, Holm PJ, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2017 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J 2017; 38(36): 2739–2791.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy NDIzNzc=