CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 34, No 2, May/June 2023 AFRICA 79 inhibitor. Together, these results may suggest that TNF-induced preconditioning is mediated by downstream effects of NFκB on mitochondrial respiration. Our findings may assist in the development of novel therapeutic targets against ischaemic heart disease. We thank Professor Lionel Opie for his guidance and leadership of the Hatter Institute in which this study was performed. This research was funded by the South African National Research Foundation, University of Cape Town. The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. References 1. Khan MA, Hashim MJ, Mustafa H, Baniyas MY, Al Suwaidi SKBM, AlKatheeri R, et al. Global epidemiology of ischemic heart disease: Results from the global burden of disease study. Cureus 2020; 12(7): e9349. 2. Hausenloy DJ, Barrabes JA, Bøtker HE, Davidson SM, Di Lisa F, Downey J, et al. Ischaemic Conditioning and Targeting Reperfusion Injury: A 30 Year Voyage of Discovery. New York: Springer, 2016. 3. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer M, Sacks F, Lepage S, Braunwald E. Elevation of tumor necrosis factor-α and increased risk of recurrent coronary events after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2000; 101(18): 2149–2153. 4. Maury C, Teppo AM. Circulating tumour necrosis factor‐α (cachectin) in myocardial infarction. J Int Med 1989; 225(5): 333–336. 5. Barath P, Fishbein MC, Cao J, Berenson J, Helfant RH, Forrester JS. Detection and localization of tumor necrosis factor in human atheroma. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65(5): 297–302. 6. Levine B, Kalman J, Mayer L, Fillit HM, Packer M. Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 1990; 323(4): 236–241. 7. Fichtlscherer S, Rossig L, Breuer S, Vasa M, Dimmeler S, Zeiher AM. Tumor necrosis factor antagonism with etanercept improves systemic endothelial vasoreactivity in patients with advanced heart failure. Circulation 2001; 104(25): 3023–3025. 8. Squadrito F, Ioculano M, Altavilla D, Zingarelli B, Canale P, Campo G, et al. Platelet activating factor interaction with tumor necrosis factor in myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury. J Lipid Mediat 1993; 8(1): 53–65. 9. Gurevitch J, Frolkis I, Yuhas Y, Lifschitz-Mercer B, Berger E, Paz Y, et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha improves myocardial recovery after ischemia and reperfusion. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30(6): 1554–1561. 10. Tang B, Ma J, Ha X, Zhang Y, Xing Y. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha upregulated PHLPP1 through activating nuclear factor-kappa B during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Life Sci 2018; 207: 355–363. 11. Haudek SB, Taffet GE, Schneider MD, Mann DL. TNF provokes cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac remodeling through activation of multiple cell death pathways. J Clin Invest 2007; 117(9): 2692–2701. 12. Deuchar GA, Opie LH, Lecour S. TNFα is required to confer protection in an in vivo model of classical ischaemic preconditioning. Life Sci 2007; 80(18): 1686–1691. 13. Lacerda L, McCarthy J, Mungly SF, Lynn EG, Sack MN, Opie LH, et al. TNFα protects cardiac mitochondria independently of its cell surface receptors. Basic Res Cardiol 2010; 105(6): 751–762. 14. Lecour S, Smith RM, Woodward B, Opie LH, Rochette L, Sack MN. Identification of a novel role for sphingolipid signaling in TNF α and ischemic preconditioning mediated cardioprotection. J Molec Cell Cardiol 2002; 34(5): 509–518. 15. Lecour S, Suleman N, Deuchar GA, Somers S, Lacerda L, Huisamen B, et al. Pharmacological preconditioning with tumor necrosis factor-α activates signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 at reperfusion without involving classic prosurvival kinases (Akt and extracellular signal–regulated kinase). Circulation 2005; 112(25): 3911–3918. 16. Maulik N, Sato M, Price BD, Das DK. An essential role of NFκB in tyrosine kinase signaling of p38 MAP kinase regulation of myocardial adaptation to ischemia. FEBS Letts 1998; 429(3): 365–369. 17. Morgan E, EM B, Yun W, Griscavage-Ennis J, Farr A, Canty T, et al. An essential role of NF-kB in the cardioadaptive response to ischemia. Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 68(2): 377–382. 18. Xuan Y-T, Tang X-L, Banerjee S, Takano H, Li RC, Han H, et al. Nuclear factor-κB plays an essential role in the late phase of ischemic preconditioning in conscious rabbits. Circ Res 1999; 84(9): 1095–1109. 19. Zhao TC, Kukreja RC. Late preconditioning elicited by activation of adenosine A3 receptor in heart: role of NF-κ B, iNOS and mitochondrial KATP channel. J Molec Cell Cardiol 2002; 34(3): 263–277. 20. Diwan V, Kant R, Jaggi AS, Singh N, Singh D. Signal mechanism activated by erythropoietin preconditioning and remote renal preconditioning-induced cardioprotection. Molec Cell Biochem 2008; 315(1–2): 195. 21. Grimm S, Baeuerle PA. The inducible transcription factor NF-kappa B: structure-function relationship of its protein subunits. Biochem J 1993; 290(Pt 2): 297. 22. Caamaño J, Hunter CA. NF-κB family of transcription factors: central regulators of innate and adaptive immune functions. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002; 15(3): 414–429. 23. Karin M, Ben-Neriah Y. Phosphorylation meets ubiquitination: the control of NF-κB activity. A Rev Immunol 2000; 18(1): 621–663. 24. Brown K, Park S, Kanno T, Franzoso G, Siebenlist U. Mutual regulation of the transcriptional activator NF-kappa B and its inhibitor, I kappa B-alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1993; 90(6): 2532–2536. 25. Hadebe N, Cour M, Lecour S. The SAFE pathway for cardioprotection: is this a promising target? Basic Res Cardiol 2018; 113(2): 9. 26. Nan J, Hu H, Sun Y, Zhu L, Wang Y, Zhong Z, et al. TNFR2 stimulation promotes mitochondrial fusion via Stat3-and NF-kB-dependent activation of OPA1 expression. Circ Res 2017; 121(4): 392–410. 27. Esumi K, Nishida M, Shaw D, Smith T, Marsh J. NADH measurements in adult rat myocytes during simulated ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 1991; 260(6): H1743–H1752. 28. Shreck R, Meier B, Mannel D, Droge W, Baeuerle P. Dithiocarbamates as potent inhibitors of nuclear factor B activation in intact cells. J Exp Med 1992; 175: 1181–1194. 29. Kitakaze M, Fong M, Yoshitake M, Minamino T, Node K, Okuyama Y, et al. Vesnarinone inhibits adenosine uptake in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and myocytes, and mediates cytoprotection. J Molec Cell Cardiol 1997; 29(12): 3413–3417. 30. Lowry OH. Lowry method, a modification of the folin method based on the presence of tyrosine and tryptophan in proteins. J Biol Chem 1951; 193: 265–266. 31. Suleman N, Somers S, Smith R, Opie LH, Lecour SC. Dual activation of STAT-3 and Akt is required during the trigger phase of ischaemic preconditioning. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 79(1): 127–133. 32. Lacerda L, Smith RM, Opie L, Lecour S. TNFα-induced cytoprotection requires the production of free radicals within mitochondria in C2C12 myotubes. Life Sci 2006; 79(23): 2194–2201. 33. Liu X, Shen J, Jin Y, Duan M, Xu J. Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) preconditioning on nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) activation & proinflammatory cytokines induced by myocardial ischaemiareperfusion. Indian J Med Res 2006; 124(3): 343. 34. Kant R, Diwan V, Jaggi AS, Singh N, Singh D. Remote renal preconditioning-induced cardioprotection: a key role of hypoxia inducible factor-prolyl 4-hydroxylases. Molec Cell Biochem 2008; 312(1–2): 25–31.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy NDIzNzc=