CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 34, No 5, November/December 2023 280 AFRICA co-operation if the haemodynamic and respiratory functions were appropriate. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software version 22.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Among the data measured, those showing normal distribution are expressed as mean ± standard deviation; those not showing normal distribution are expressed as median (minimum–maximum). The data obtained by counting are given as percentages (%). Among the data measured, the normality of distribution was evaluated by histogram or Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, the homogeneity of distribution was evaluated by Levene’s test for equality of variance. The difference between the groups was evaluated by the Student’s t-test in normal and homogenous distribution, and by the Mann–Whitney U-test in distribution that was not normal and homogenous. Among the data obtained by counting, the differences between the groups were evaluated by the parametric or non-parametric Pearson’s chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test according to the distribution being parametric or not. The effects of the risk factors suggested to be influential on the early postoperative AKI were studies through univariate logistic regression analysis. The multiple effects of the risk factors that were influential, or that were suggested to be influential in predicting the early postoperative AKI as a result of the univariate statistical analysis were studied through retrospective selective multivariate logistic regression analysis. The odds ratio, 95% confidence interval (CI) and the significance level for each of the risk factors were statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results The demographic characteristics and clinical data of the patients are summarised in Table 1. There were no differences between the two groups in terms of demographics or clinical data. The pre-operative blood analysis and haematological parameters of the patients are summarised in Table 2. Monocyte counts (p = 0.0001), MHR (p = 0.0001), and ESR (p = 0.0001), MPV (p = 0.0001) and CRP levels (p = 0.0001) were significantly different between the groups. The early postoperative blood analysis and haematological parameters of the patients are summarised in Table 3. Postoperative first- and third-day CRP levels (p = 0.0001), postoperative first- and third-day ESR (p = 0.0001) and MPV levels (p = 0.0001) were significantly different between the groups. The intra-operative and postoperative data of the patients are shown in Table 4. Intubation time (p = 0.0001), stay in the ICU (p = 0.0001) and length of hospital stay (p = 0.0001) were significantly different between the groups. According to the KDIGO classification, 59.6% (n = 96) of the patients were stage I, 36.1% (n = 56) were stage II and 4.3% (n = Table 1. Demographic and clinical properties of the patients Patient characteristics Group I: AKI (n = 161) Group II: non-AKI (n = 793) p-value Age, years (mean ± SD) 60.3 ± 8.4 60.9 ± 8.2 0.48** Male, n (%) 109 (67.8) 563 (71.0) 0.40* Female, n (%) 52 (32.2) 230 (29.0) Hypertension, n (%) 71 (44.1) 325 (44.1) 0.47* Diabetes mellitus, n (%) 52 (32.3) 267 (33.7) 0.74* Smoking, n (%) 71 (44.1) 313 (38.5) 0.28* Hyperlipidaemia, n (%) 67 (41.6) 367 (46.3) 0.27* BMI (kg/m2) (mean ± SD) 26.3 ± 3.4 26.5 ± 3.6 0.70** Ejection fraction (%) (mean ± SD) 53.8 ± 8.5 54.4 ± 8.7 0.40** Basal heart rate (bpm) (mean ± SD) 65.7 ± 7.2 66.5 ± 7.3 0.18** AKI, acute kidney injury; BMI, body mass index. *Pearson’s chi-squared test, **Student’s t-test Table 2. Pre-operative blood results and haematological parameters of patients Parameters Group I: AKI (n = 161) Mean ± SD Group II: nonAKI (n = 793) Mean ± SD p-value Haemoglobin (mg/dl) 13.4 ± 1.5 13.6 ± 1.6 0.26* Creatinine (mg/dl) 0.73 ± 0.28 0.74 ± 0.29 0.77* Urea (mg/dl) 40.7 ± 4.2 40.6 ± 3.9 0.78* HbA1c (%) 6.2 ± 1.3 6.3 ± 1.4 0.56* eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) 96.2 ± 31.4 95.4 ± 30.6 0.69* Leucocyte counts (103 cells/µl) 8.2 ± 1.6 8.2 ± 1.7 0.79* Thrombocyte counts (×103 cells/µl) 258 ± 59 262 ± 61 0.41* Monocyte counts (×103 cells/µl) 0.79 ± 0.15 0.63 ± 0.17 0.0001* CRP (mg/l) 0.93 ± 0.65 0.67 ± 0.47 0.0001* ESR (mm/h) 9.93 ± 4.79 8.04 ± 3.90 0.0001* MPV (fl) 9.02 ± 1.03 8.62 ± 0.82 0.0001* HDL-C (mg/dl) (mmol/l) 38.6 ± 6.7 1.00 ± 0.17 38.4 ± 7.1 0.99 ± 0.18 0.75* LDL-C (mg/dl) (mmol/l) 128.6 ± 16.8 3.33 ± 0.44 126.5 ± 37.5 3.28 ± 0.97 0.48* Total cholesterol (mg/dl) (mmol/l) 191.1 ± 43.8 4.95 ± 1.13 187.8 ± 41.1 4.86 ± 1.06 0.36* Triglycerides (mg/dl) (mmol/l) 156.8 ± 69.6 1.77 ± 0.79 158.9 ± 73.4 1.80 ± 0.83 0.74* MHR 0.022 ± 0.006 0.017 ± 0.007 0.0001* AKI, acute kidney injury; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; MPV, mean platelet volume; MHR, monocyte-to-highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. *Student’s t-test. Table 3. Early postoperative blood results and haematological parameters of patients Parameters Group I: AKI (n = 161) Mean ± SD Group II: non-AKI (n = 793) Mean ± SD p-value Haemoglobin (mg/dl) Day 1 9.22 ± 1.15 9.09 ± 1.09 0.17* Day 3 10.19 ± 1.85 10.08 ± 1.64 0.42* Leukocyte counts (×103 cells/µl) Day 1 13.09 ± 3.24 13.15 ± 3.27 0.56* Day 3 10.62 ± 2.87 10.16 ± 2.54 0.24* CRP (mg/l) Day 1 36.31 ± 8.33 29.34 ± 6.62 0.0001* Day 3 30.18 ± 5.92 27.30 ± 4.47 0.0001* ESR (mm/h) Day 1 43.60 ± 21.39 31.75 ± 16.06 0.0001* Day 3 47.93 ± 10.49 44.15 ± 8.25 0.0001* MPV (fl) Day 1 9.57 ± 1.12 9.01 ± 0.75 0.0001* Day 3 9.13 ± 0.84 8.67 ± 0.82 0.0001* AKI, acute kidney injury; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; MPV, mean platelet volume. *Student’s t test.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy NDIzNzc=