CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 35, No 1, January – April 2024 AFRICA 47 females). Studies in African populations by Nel et al. and in Asian subjects by Karki et al. observed the same pattern.25,26 Soulat-Dufour et al., in the WASE study with 2 008 healthy adult individuals around the world, has shown that generally, Asian subjects had lower BSA compared to subjects in non-Asian countries.16 Table 2. Echocardiographic parameters according to the age of the study group Variable Total (20–62 years) (n = 100) Group 1 (18–29 years) (n = 27) Group 2 (30–39 years) (n = 28) Group 3 (40–49 years) (n = 21) Group 4 (≥ 50 years) (n = 24) p-value* (ANOVA)# RA parameters RA volume (ml) 34.8 ± 10.7 35.3 ± 11.7 33.7 ± 8.1 36.1 ± 13.8 34.3 ± 9.0 0.865 RA volume index (ml/m2) 19.5 ± 5.7 20.2 ± 5.8 19.0 ± 4.9 19.8 ± 7.2 19.1 ± 5.3 0.271 RA length (mm) 44.5 ± 5.2 44.5 ± 5.1 44.6 ± 3.9 45.3 ± 6.0 43.7 ± 6.0 0.679 RA width (mm) 36.3 ± 5.6 36.7 ± 5.9 36.9 ± 5.6 36.4 ± 6.3 34.9 ± 5.3 0.588 RALS (%) 32.7 ± 10.5 34.7 ± 10.8 32.8 ± 11.7 33.5 ± 7.3 29.6 ± 11.1 0.362 RV functional parameters TAPSE (mm) 19.0 (17.0–22.0) 17.0 (16.0–19.0) 19.0 (17.0–21.5) 19.0 (18.0–22.0) 19.5 (17.0–25.5) 0.099 PASP (mmHg) 15.0 (13.5–20.0) 15.0 (13.5–20.0) 17.0 (15.0–20.0) 18.0 (13.0–26.0) 15.0 (10.0–18.0) 0.465 RV base (mm) 31.0 (27.5–33.2) 32.0 (28.0–34.0) 30.0 (27.1–32.4) 31.4 (28.5–32.9) 30.0 (26.6–33.9) 0.455 RV S′ (cm/s) 11.1 ± 2.1 10.7 ± 1.9 11.3 ± 2.4 11.4 ± 2.0 11.0 ± 2.0 0.677 RV E′ (cm/s) 11.0 (8.9–13.0) 12.9 (9.5–15.9) 11.0 (9.7–12.6) 11.1 (8.0–12.5) 10.0 (7.6–11.5) 0.085 RV A′ (cm/s) 9.7 (8.4–12.1) 8.5 (7.9–10.6) 9.9 (8.7–11.6) 11.0 (9.0–13.4) 10.7 (9.0–12.8) 0.015 RV E′/A′ 1.1 (0.8–1.4) 1.4 (1.1–1.9) 1.0 (0.9–1.3) 0.9 (0.8–1.3) 0.8 (0.7–1.1) 0.002 LV measurements LV systolic diameter (mm) 29.0 (26.0–31.5) 29.0 (26.0–32.0) 28.5 (26.0–30.0) 30.0 (28.0–32.0) 27.0 (23.5–31.0) 0.213 LV diastolic diameter (mm) 42.3 ± 5.1 42.8 ± 6.0 41.9 ± 4.2 44.0 ± 4.2 40.5 ± 5.3 0.124 End-diastolic volume index (ml/m2) 86.2 ± 23.1 89.3 ± 26.6 89.5 ± 24.2 91.0 ± 16.9 74.8 ± 19.7 0.048 End-systolic volume index (ml/m2) 18.2 (14.5–22.6) 20.1 (18.3–26.0) 18.3 (16.3–25.7) 17.4 (13.2–19.3) 14.3 (11.1–17.2) < 0.001 LA volume (ml) 36.8 (27.7–46.8) 41.0 (23.0–50.0) 35.0 (26.0–45.9) 41.4 (29.0–44.4) 37.0 (31.5–48.0) 0.630 LA volume index (ml/m2) 21.5 (15.2–26.4) 23.8 (14.8–28.5) 19.6 (13.4–23.8) 22.7 (14.5–25.7) 20.0 (17.3–27.8) 0.574 LA size (mm) 32.0 (28.0–35.3) 30.8 (27.0–33.4) 32.0 (29.0–35.8) 33.0 (27.8–38.0) 33.0 (29.5–38.0) 0.068 Ejection fraction (%) 62.5 ± 7.1 60.5 ± 7.3 61.7 ± 6.9 65.5 ± 6.2 63.0 ± 7.5 0.104 Posterior wall diameter (mm) 8.0 (7.0–9.5) 7.0 (7.0–8.0) 8.0 (7.0–9.0) 9.0 (8.0–10.0) 9.0 (8.0–11.0) 0.001 LV diastolic parameters E wave (cm/s) 80.6 ± 19.7 89.1 ± 18.1 82.1 ± 17.6 76.5 ± 20.9 72.7 ± 19.7 0.017 A wave (cm/s) 56.2 ± 15.1 49.1 ± 15.3 57.3 ± 13.8 54.2 ± 13.1 64.9 ± 14.4 0.002 E/A ratio 1.4 (1.1–1.8) 1.8 (1.6–2.2) 1.4 (1.2–1.8) 1.4 (1.2–1.5) 1.1 (1.0–1.3) < 0.001 E′ medial (cm/s) 9.5 (7.5–11.8) 11.7 (10.1–13.6) 9.1 (7.7–11.8) 9.0 (7.0–10.0) 7.7 (5.8–9.0) < 0.001 E′ lateral (cm/s) 13.4 ± 3.3 16.0 ± 3.1 13.9 ± 2.9 12.0 ± 2.4 11.1 ± 2.6 < 0.001 A′ lateral (cm/s) 8.7 ± 2.7 7.0 ± 1.9 9.0 ± 2.4 9.6 ± 2.6 9.6 ± 2.9 < 0.001 E/E′ lateral ratio 5.9 (5.0-7.0) 5.8 (4.2-7.0) 5.8 (5.0-6.4) 5.9 (5.0-7.0) 6.2 (5.0-8.2) 0.575 Data reported as means ± SD or median (IQR). IQR, interquartile range; LA, left atrial; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; RA, right atrial; RALS. right atrium longitudinal strain; RV, right ventricle; SD, standard deviation; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion. #Independent t-test, p-value or (Mann–Whitney test, p-value for non-normally distributed variables). *Statistical significance denoted by p-values < 0.05 Age (years) 20 30 40 50 60 Right atrial volume index (ml/m2) 40 30 20 10 Age (years) 20 30 40 50 60 Right atrial strain (%) 80 60 40 20 0 Fig. 3. (A) RA volume (ml/m2) and (B) RA longitudinal strain negatively correlated with the participants’ age (r = –0.060, p = 0.526; r = –0.153, p = 0.129, respectively). A B
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