CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Vol 22, No 4, July/August 2011
AFRICA
195
there are enough existing data to warrant primary and secondary
prevention programmes for risk factors for heart disease to go
hand in hand with epidemiological surveys.
References
1.
About Sudan. Available at the Republic of Sudan Ministry of Cabinet
Affairs website at
/ (accessed 10 December
2009).
2.
Fifth Sudan Population and Housing Census – 2008 priority results.
Available from Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics at
.
gov.sd/RESULT/Priority%20English.xls (accessed 10 December 2009).
3.
World Health Organization. The global burden of disease: 2004
update. Available at
_
disease/2004_report_update/en/index.html (accessed 2 December
2009).
4.
Opie LH, Mayosi BM. Cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa.
Circulation
2005;
112
: 3536–3540.
5.
World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases in the African
region: Current situation and perspectives. Report of the Director for
the Regional office for Africa. August 2005. Available at afro.who.int/
rc55/documents/afr_rc55_12_cardiovascular.pdf (accessed 2 December
2009).
6.
Kaufman JS, Asuzu MC, Rotimi OO, Johnson OO, Owoaje EE, Cooper
RS. The absence of adult mortality data for sub-Saharan Africa: a prac-
tical solution.
Bull Wld Hlth Org
1997;
75
: 389–395.
7.
Mathers CD, Lopez AD, Murray CJL. The burden of disease and
mortality by condition: data, methods, and results for 2001. In: Lopez
AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M,
et al
., eds.
Global Burden of Disease and
Risk Factors
. New York, Washington, DC: Oxford University Press &
The World Bank, 2006: 45–240.
8.
Sudan Federal Ministry of Health. Annual Health Statistical Reports.
Available at
(accessed 5 Decem-
ber 2009).
9.
Southern Sudan Commission for Census, Statistics and Evaluation.
Sudan Household Survey 2006. Available at
blog/surveys (accessed 9 December 2006).
10. World Health Organization. STEPwise approach to surveillance
(STEPS). Available at
/ (accessed 12
December 2009).
11. Mathers CD, Bernard C, Iburg K, Inoue M, Ma Fat D, Shibuya K, Stein
C, Tomijima N. The Global Burden of Disease in 2002: data sources,
methods and results. Geneva, World Health Organization.Available at
(accessed 12 December 2009).
12. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Friday G,
et al
. Heart Disease and Stroke
Statistics – 2007 update. A report from the American Heart Association
Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee.
Circulation
2007;
115
: 69–171.
13. Bradshaw D, Groenewald P, Laubscher R,
et al
. Initial burden of disease
estimates for South Africa, 2000.
S Afr Med J
2003;
93
: 682–88.
14. Mayosi BM, Flisher AJ, Lalloo UG, Sitas F, Tollman SM, Bradshaw
D. The burden of non-communicable diseases in South Africa
. Lancet
2009;
374
: 934–947.
15. Halim AM, Jacques JE. Rheumatic heart disease in Sudan.
Br
Heart J
1961;
23
: 383–385. Available at
/
reprint/23/4/383.(accessed
29/11/09
).
16. Khalil S, El-Samani F, Dafalla G
.
Patterns of cardiovascular disease
in Sudan:
hospital load and
recent Trends
. Sudan Med J
1984;
20
(4):
25–38.
17. Sliwa K, Wilkinson D,
et al
. Spectrum of heart disease and risk factors
in a black urban population in South Africa (the Heart of Soweto
Study): a cohort study.
Lancet
2008;
371
: 915–922.
18. UNAIDS. Sudan country report. Available at
/
CountryResponses/Countries/sudan.asp (accessed 15 January 2010).
19. UNAIDS/WHO. AIDS epidemic update 2009. Available at http://
EpiUpdArchive/2009/default.asp (accessed 15 January 2010).
20. Osman EM, Suleiman I, Elzubair AG. Patients’ knowledge of hyper-
tension and its control in Eastern Sudan.
East Afr Med J
2007;
84
(7):
324–328.
21. Abu-Aisha H, Elhassan EAM, Khamis AH, Abu-Elmaali A. Hyper-
tension and obesity in police forces households in Khartoum, Sudan: A
pilot report – part of the ‘Police Forces Hypertension, Diabetes, Renal
Insufficiency, and Thyroid Derangements (HyDRIT) Study’, Sudan.
Sudanese J Publ Hlth
2008:
3
; 18–25.
22. Hussain AA, Elzubier AG, Ahmed ME. Target organ involvement in
hypertensive patients in Eastern Sudan.
J Hum Hypertens
1999;
13
(1):
9–12.
23. Ahmed ME. The clinical presentation of hypertension in Sudan.
Ethn
Dis
1991;
1
(3): 288–291.
24. Steyn K, Sliwa K, Hawken S,
et al
. Risk factors associated with
myocardial infarction in Africa: the INTERHEART Africa study.
Circulation
2005;
11
2: 3554–3561.
25. Opie LH, Seedat YK. Hypertension in sub-Saharan African populations
Circulation
2005;
112
: 3562–3568.
26. Ntusi NB, Mayosi BM. Epidemiology of heart failure in sub-Saharan
Africa.
Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther
2009;
7
(2):169–180.
27. Nkomo V. Epidemiology and prevention of valvular heart diseases and
infective endocarditis in Africa.
Heart
2007;
93
:1510–1519.
28. Ibrahim-Khalil,
et al
. An epidemiological survey of rheumatic heart
disease in sahafa town, Sudan.
J Epidemiol
Community health 1992;
46
(5): 477–479.
29. World Health Organization. Current evidence for the burden of group
A streptococcal diseases. 2005. Avilable at
_
adolescent_health/documents/fch_cah_05_07/en/index. (accessed 1
December 2009).
30. Marijon E, Ou P, Celermajer DS, Ferreira B, Mocumbi AO, Jani D,
et
al.
Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease detected by echocardiographic
screening.
N Engl J Med
2007; 2007:
357
(5): 470–476.
31. Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison D, Murray CJL. Global and
regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of
population health data.
Lancet
2006;
367
: 1747–1757.
32. World Health Organization. The atlas of heart disease and stroke.
Available at
/
atlas/en/ (accessed 13 December 2009).
33. Mensah GA. Ischaemic heart disease in Africa.
Heart
2008;
94
:
836–843.
34. Mathers CD, Lopez AD, Murray CJL. The burden of disease and
mortality by condition: data, methods, and results for 2001. In: Lopez
AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M,
et al.
, eds.
Global Burden of Disease and
Risk Factors
. New York, Washington, DC: Oxford University Press &
The World Bank, 2006: 45–240.
35. Rao C, Lopez AD, HemedY. Causes of death. In: Jamison DT, Feachem
RG, Makgoba MW,
et al.
, eds.
Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan
Africa
. 2nd edn. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2006: 67–82.
36. Khalil S, Ibrahim-Khalil M, El Hag M,
et al
. Coronary event rates in
Khartoum, Sudan.
J Clin
ic
Epidemiol
1996;
9
: 1013–1010.
37. Böthig S. WHO MONICA Project: objectives and design.
Int J
Epidemiol
1989;
18
(3 Suppl 1): S29–37.
38. Tunstall-Pedoe H, Kuulasmaa K, Amouyel P, Arveiler D, Rajakangas
AM, Pajak A. Myocardial infarction and coronary deaths in the World
Health Organization MONICA Project.
Circulation
1994;
90
; 583
–
612.
39. Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ounpuu S,
et al
. Global burden of cardiovascular
diseases: part I: general considerations, the epidemiologic transi-
tion, risk factors, and impact of urbanization.
Circulation
2001;
104
:
2746–2753.
40. World Health Organization. Death and DALY estimates by cause, 2002.
41. Available at
-
deathdalyestimates.xls (accessed 6 December 2009).
42. World Health Organization. STEPwise approach to surveillance
(STEPS) Sudan. Available at
/
excel/sudan.xls.
43. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S,
et al
. Effect of potentially modifiable
risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the
INTERHEART study): case-control study.
Lancet
1999;
364
: 937–952.
44. Sliwa K, Albertino D, Bongani M. Epidemiology and etiology of
cardiomyopathy in Africa.
Circulation
2005;
112
(23): 3577
–
3583.
