Cardiovascular Journal of Africa: Vol 25 No 5 (September/October 2014)

CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 25, No 5, September/October 2014

232

AFRICA

of renal function in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension:

results from the Syst-Eur trial.

J Am Soc Nephrol

2002;

: 2213–2222.

12. Ruilope LM, Salvetti A, Jamerson K,

et al

. Renal function and intensive

lowering of blood pressure in hypertensive participants of the hyper-

tension optimal treatment (HOT) study.

J Am Soc Nephrol

2001;

218–225.

13. Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ,

et al

. British Hypertension Society

guidelines for hypertension management 2004 (BHS-IV): summary.

Med J

2004;

328

: 634–640.

14. Scheie HG. Evaluation of ophthalmoscopic changes of hypertension

and arteriolar sclerosis.

AMA Arch Ophthalmol

1953;

: 117–138.

15. Guidelines Committee 2007 European Society of Hypertension (ESH)/

European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines for the management

of arterial hypertension.

J Hypertens

2007;

: 1105–1187.

16. Schiller NB, Shah PM, Crawford M,

et al

. Recommendations for

quantitation of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography.

American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Standards,

Subcommittee on Quantitation of Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms.

J Am Soc Echocardiogr

1989:

: 358–367.

17. K/DOQI clinical practical Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease

(CKD): Evaluation, Classification and Stratification. Kidney Disease

Outcome Quality Initiative.

Am J Kidney Dis

2002;

(Suppl): S22–26.

18. Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF 3rd,

Feldman HI, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van Lente F, Greene T, Coresh J;

CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration). A

new equation to estimate glomerular filtration Rate.

Ann Intern Med

2009;

150

: 604–612.

19. Hendriks ME, Wit FW, Roos MT,

et al

. Hypertension in sub-Saharan

Africa: cross-sectional surveys in four rural and urban communities.

PLoS One

2012;

: e32638.

20. Mathenge W, Foster A, Kuper H. Urbanization, ethnicity and cardio-

vascular risk in a population in transition in Nakuru, Kenya: a popula-

tion-based survey.

BMC Public Health

2010;

: 569.

21. Grunwald JE, Alexander J, Ying GS, et al. Retinopathy and chronic

kidney disease in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study.

Arch Ophthalmol

2012;

130

: 1136–1144.

22. Leoncini G, Viazzi F, Parodi D,

et al

. Creatinine clearance and signs

of end-organ damage in primary hypertension.

J Hum Hypertens

2004;

: 511–516.

23. Grunwald JE, Alexander J, Maguire M,

et al

. Prevalence of ocular

fundus pathology in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Clin J Am Soc

Nephrol

2010;

: 867–873.

24. Bilge AK, Atilgan D, Onur I, Pamukcu B, Ozcan M, Adalet K.

Relationship between left ventricular hypertrophy, hypertensive retinop-

athy, microalbuminuria and echocardiographic modalities in newly diag-

nosed hypertensive patients.

Int J Cardiovasc Imaging

2010;

: 405–412.

25. Cheung N, Bluemke DA, Klein R,

et al.

Retinal arteriolar narrowing

and left ventricular remodeling: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclero-

sis.

J Am Coll Cardiol

2007;

: 48–55.

26. Grunwald JE, Ying GS, Maguire M,

et al

. Association between retinop-

athy and cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease

(from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort [CRIC] Study).

Am J

Cardiol

2012;

110

: 246–253.

27. Suri MF, Qureshi AI. Hypertensive retinopathy and risk of cardiovas-

cular diseases in a national cohort.

J Vasc Interv Neurol

2008;

: 75–78.

28. Shirafkan A, Motahari M, Mojerlou M, Rezghi Z, Behnampour N,

Gholamrezanezhad A. Association between left ventricular hypertrophy

with retinopathy and renal dysfunction in patients with essential hyper-

tension.

Singapore Med J

2009;

: 1177–1183.

29. Erden S, Bicakci E. Hypertensive retinopathy: incidence, risk factors,

and comorbidities.

Clin Exp Hypertens

2012;

: 397–401.

30. Oladapo OO, Salako L, Sadiq L, Shoyinka K, Adedapo K, Falase AO.

Target-organ damage and cardiovascular complications in hypertensive

Nigerian Yoruba adults: a cross-sectional study.

Cardiovasc J Afr

2012;

: 379–384.

31. Cuspidi C, Meani S, Valerio C,

et al

. Prevalence and correlates of

advanced retinopathy in a large selected hypertensive population. The

Evaluation of Target Organ Damage in Hypertension (ETODH) study.

Blood Press

2005;

: 25–31.

32. Cooper LS, Wong TY, Klein R,

et al

. Retinal microvascular abnormali-

ties and MRI-defined subclinical cerebral infarction: the Atherosclerosis

Risk in Communities Study.

Stroke

2006;

: 82–86.

33. Longstreth W, Jr., Larsen EK, Klein R,

et al

. Associations between

findings on cranial magnetic resonance imaging and retinal photography

in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study.

Am J Epidemiol

2007;

165

: 78–84.

34. Kwon HM, Kim BJ, Oh JY,

et al

. Retinopathy as an indicator of silent

brain infarction in asymptomatic hypertensive subjects.

J Neurol Sci

2007;

252

: 159–162.

35. Wong TY, Klein R, Couper DJ,

et al

. Retinal microvascular abnormali-

ties and incident stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.

Lancet

2001;

358

: 1134-1140.

36. Mitchell P, Wang JJ, Wong TY, Smith W, Klein R, Leeder SR. Retinal

microvascular signs and risk of stroke and stroke mortality.

Neurology

2005;

: 1005–1009.

37. Ikram MK, de Jong FJ, Bos MJ,

et al

. Retinal vessel diameters and risk

of stroke: the Rotterdam Study.

Neurology

2006;

: 1339–1343.

38. Wong TY, Kamineni A, Klein R,

et al

. Quantitative retinal venular calib-

er and risk of cardiovascular disease in older persons: the cardiovascular

health study.

Arch Intern Med

2006;

166

: 2388–2394.

39. Wong TY, Klein R, Sharrett AR,

et al

. Cerebral white matter lesions,

retinopathy, and incident clinical stroke.

J Am Med Assoc

2002;

288

67–74.

40. Sharp PS, Chaturvedi N, Wormald R, McKeigue PM, Marmot

MG, Young SM. Hypertension retinopathy in Afro-Caribeans and

Europeans. Prevalence and risk factor relationships.

Hypertension

1995;

: 1322–1325.

41. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE. The relation of systemic hypertension to

changes in the retinal vasculature: the Beaver Dam Eye Study.

Trans Am

Ophthalmol Soc

1997;

: 329–348.

42. Smith W, Wang JJ, Wong TY,

et al

. Retinal arteriolar narrowing is asso-

ciated with 5-year incident severe hypertension: the Blue Mountains Eye

Study.

Hypertension

2004;

: 442–447.