CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 30, No 1, January/February 2019
AFRICA
33
tackled, keeping in mind local challenges. STEMI preparedness
strategies and innovative homegrown solutions should become
an area of focus for healthcare providers coming to terms with
the expected epidemic of coronary artery disease in SSA.
References
1.
World Health Organization. Projections of mortality and burden of
disease, 2004–2030.
2.
2Onen CL. Epidemiology of ischaemic heart disease in sub-Saharan
Africa.
Cardiovasc J Afr
2013;
24
(2): 34–42.
3.
Omran AR. The epidemiologic transition: A theory of the epidemiology
of population change.
Milbank Q
2005;
83
(4): 731–757.
4.
Steyn K, Sliwa K, Hawken S, Commerford P, Onen C, Damascene A,
et al.
Risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in Africa: The
INTERHEART Africa Study.
Circulation
2005;
112
(23): 3554–3561.
5.
Hertz JT, Reardon JM, Rodrigues CG, De Andrade L, Limkakeng
AT, Bloomfield GS,
et al
. Acute myocardial infarction in sub-Saharan
Africa: The need for data.
PLoS One
2014;
9
(5): 1–7.
6.
Jablonski-Cohen MS, Kosgei RJ, Rerimoi AJ, Mamlin JJ. The emerg-
ing problem of coronary heart disease in Kenya.
East Afr Med J
2003;
80
(6): 293–297.
7.
Shavadia J, Yonga G, Otieno H. A prospective review of acute coronary
syndromes in an urban hospital in sub-Saharan Africa.
Cardiovasc J Afr
2012;
23
(6): 318–321.
8.
Ogeng’o J., Gatonga P, Olabu BO. Cardiovascular causes of death in an
east African country: An autopsy study.
Cardiol J
2011;
18
(1): 67–72.
9.
Shaper AG. Cardiovascular studies in the Samburu tribe of Northern
Kenya.
Am Heart J
1962;
63
: 437–42.
10. Simpson CR, Buckley BS, McLernon DJ, Sheikh A, Murphy A,
Hannaford PC. Five-year prognosis in an incident cohort of people
presenting with acute myocardial infarction.
PLoS One
2011;
6
(10): 1–7.
11. Smolina K, Wright FL, Rayner M, Goldacre MJ. Long-term survival
and recurrence after acute myocardial infarction in England, 2004 to
2010.
Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes
2012;
5
(4): 532–540.
12. Schamroth C. Management of acute coronary syndrome in South
Africa: insights from the ACCESS (Acute Coronary Events – a
Multinational Survey of Current Management Strategies) registry:
cardiovascular topics.
Cardiovasc J Afr
2012;
23
(7): 365–370.
13. Ogeng’o JA, Olabu BO, Ong’era D, Sinkeet SR. Pattern of acute
myocardial infarction in an African country.
Acta Cardiol
2010;
65
(6):
613–618.
14. Wachira B, Owuor A, OtienoH. Emergencymanagement of ST-elevation
myocardial infarction in a tertiary hospital in Kenya: Are we complying
with practice guidelines?
Afr J Emerg Med
2013;
3
(4): S10.
15. Jaffe AS. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction.
Clin
Biochem
2013;
46
(1–2): 1–4.
16. Mehran R, Rao SV, Bhatt DL, Gibson CM, Caixeta A, Eikelboom J,
et al.
Standardized bleeding definitions for cardiovascular clinical trials:
a consensus report from the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium.
Circulation
2011;
123
(23): 2736–2747.
17. Sacco RL, Kasner SE, Broderick JP, Caplan LR, Connors JJ, Culebras
A,
et al
. An updated definition of stroke for the 21st century: A state-
ment for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/
American Stroke Association.
Stroke
2013;
44
(7): 2064–2089.
18. Hicks K, Hung H, Mahaffey KW, Mehran R, Nissen SE, Stockbridge
NL,
et al
. Standardized definitions for endpoint events in cardiovascular
trials. CDISC 20 Oct 2010.
19. Mandelzweig L. The second Euro Heart Survey on acute coronary
syndromes: characteristics, treatment, and outcome of patients with
ACS in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin in 2004.
Eur Heart J
2006;
27
(19): 2285–2293.
20. Gibson CM, Murphy SA, Kirtane AJ, Giugliano RP, Cannon CP,
Antman EM,
et al
. Association of duration of symptoms at presenta-
tion with angiographic and clinical outcomes after fibrinolytic therapy
in patients with st-segment elevation myocardial infarction.
J Am Coll
Cardiol
2004;
44
(5): 980–987.
21. Alnasser SMA, Huang W, Gore JM, Steg PG, Eagle KA, Anderson
FA,
et al
. Late consequences of acute coronary syndromes: Global
Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) follow-up.
Am J Med
2015;
128
(7): 766–775.