Background Image
Table of Contents Table of Contents
Previous Page  38 / 64 Next Page
Information
Show Menu
Previous Page 38 / 64 Next Page
Page Background

CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 31, No 3, May/June 2020

146

AFRICA

metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a

systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

Lancet

2015;

386

(10010): 2287–2323.

15. Imamura F, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Fahimi S, Shi P, Powles J,

et al

.

Dietary quality among men and women in 187 countries in 1990 and

2010: a systematic assessment.

Lancet Glob Health

2015;

3

(3): e132–e142.

16. Sallis JF, Cerin E, Conway TL, Adams MA, Frank LD, Pratt M,

et al

.

Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities world-

wide: a cross-sectional study.

Lancet

2016;

387

(10034): 2207–2217.

17. Kandala N-B, Campbell EK, Rakgoasi SD, Madi-Segwagwe BC, Fako

TT. The geography of HIV/AIDS prevalence rates in Botswana.

HIV/

AIDS

(Auckland, NZ) 2012;

4

: 95.

18. World Health Organization. Millennium development goals. World

Health Organization [Internet]. 2008 19 April 2018. Available from:

http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/205520/B3463.

pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

19. Mwita JC, Magafu M, Omech B, Tsima B, Dewhurst MJ, Goepamang

M,

et al

. Undiagnosed and diagnosed diabetes mellitus among hospital-

ised acute heart failure patients in Botswana.

SAGE Open Med

2017;

5

:

2050312117731473.

20. Dahm CC, Chomistek AK, Jakobsen MU, Mukamal KJ, Eliassen AH,

Sesso HD,

et al

. Adolescent diet quality and cardiovascular disease risk

factors and incident cardiovascular disease in middle- aged women.

J

Am Heart Assoc

2016;

5

(12): e003583.

21. Botswana Statistics. Botswana population and housing census 2011

19 April 2018; 211: 1– 4. Available from:

https://www.statsbots.org

.

bw/sites/default/files/publications/Population%20and%20Housing%20

Census%202011%20%20Dissemination%20seminar%20report.pdf.

22. World Health Organization. WHO AnthroPlus for personal comput-

ers Manual: Software for assessing growth of the world’s children and

adolescents. Geneva: WHO [Internet]. 2009 19 April 2018. Available

from:

http://www.who.int/growthref/tools/who_anthroplus_manual.pdf.

23. Onis Md, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, Siekmann J.

Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and

adolescents.

Bull Wld Health Organ

2007;

85

(9): 660–667.

24. Katzmarzyk P. Waist circumference percentiles for Canadian youth

11–18 y of age.

Eur J Clin Nutr

2004;

58

(7): 1011–1015.

25. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb

C, Handler J,

et al

. 2014 Evidence-based guideline for the manage-

ment of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members

appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8).

J Am Med

Assoc

2014;

311

(5): 507–520.

26. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on

High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report

on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in

children and adolescents.

Pediatrics

2004;

114

(2): 555–576.

27. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes

mellitus.

Diabetes Care

2014;

37

(Suppl 1): S81–S90.

28. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjorstrom M, Bauman AE, Booth ML,

Ainsworth BE,

et al

. International physical activity questionnaire:

12-country reliability and validity.

Med Sci Sports Exercise

2003;

35

(8):

1381-1395.

29. Nkeh-Chungag BN, Sekokotla AM, Sewani-Rusike C, Namugowa A,

Iputo JE. Prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension in 13–17

year old adolescents living in Mthatha – South Africa: a cross-sectional

study.

Cent Eur J Public Health

2015;

23

(1): 59–64.

30. Noubiap JJ, Essouma M, Bigna JJ, Jingi AM, Aminde LN, Nansseu

JR. Prevalence of elevated blood pressure in children and adolescents

in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Lancet Public Health

2017;

2

(8): e375–e386.

31. Falkner B. Recent advances in pediatric hypertension.

J Clin Hypertens

2012;

14

(6): 345.

32. Keetile M, Navaneetham K, Letamo G. Patterns and determinants of

hypertension in Botswana.

J Public Health

2015: 1–8.

33. Joubert J, Nkomazana O, Mompati K, Joubert L, Preux P-M, La Croix

P,

et al

. A community survey of cardiovascular risk factors in an urban

population in Botswana exploring potential for telemedicine.

Eur Res

Telemed

2014;

3

(3): 95–103.

34. Lauer R, Clarke W. Childhood risk factors for high adult blood pres-

sure: the Muscatine Study.

Pediatrics

1989;

84

(4): 633–641.

35. Cinteza E, Balgradean M. Hypertension in Romanian children and

adolescents: a cross-sectional survey.

Maedica

2013;

8

(1): 5.

36. Moselakgomo VK, Toriola AL, Shaw BS, Goon DT, Akinyemi O. Body

mass index, overweight, and blood pressure among adolescent school-

children in Limpopo province, South Africa.

Rev Paulista Pediat

2012;

30

(4): 562–569.

37. Sundar J, Adaikalam J, Parameswari S, Valarmarthi S, Kalpana S,

Shantharam D. Prevalence and determinants of hypertension among

urban school children in the age group of 13–17 years in, Chennai,

Tamilnadu.

Epidemiology

2013;

3

(130): 2161–1165.

38. Ramanathan AS, Senguttuvan P, Prakash V, Vengadesan A, Padmaraj

R. Budding adult hypertensives with modifiable risk factors: ‘Catch

them young’.

J Fam Commun Med

2016;

23

(1): 38.

39. Chiolero A, Madeleine G, Gabriel A, Burnier M, Paccaud F, Bovet P.

Prevalence of elevated blood pressure and association with overweight

in children of a rapidly developing country.

J Hum Hypertens

2007;

21

(2): 120–127.

40. McNiece KL, Poffenbarger TS, Turner JL, Franco KD, Sorof JM,

Portman RJ. Prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension among

adolescents.

J Pediat

2007;

150

(6): 640–644.

41. Salman Z, Kirk GD, DeBoer MD. High rate of obesity-associated

hypertension among primary schoolchildren in Sudan.

Int J Hypertens

2010; 2011.

42. Garrison RJ, Kannel WB, Stokes J, Castelli WP. Incidence and precur-

sors of hypertension in young adults: the Framingham Offspring Study.

Prevent Med

1987;

16

(2): 235–251.

43. Huang PL. A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome.

Dis

Models Mechan

2009;

2

(5–6): 231–237.

44. Oduwole AA, Ladapo TA, Fajolu IB, Ekure EN, Adeniyi OF. Obesity

and elevated blood pressure among adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria: a

cross-sectional study.

BMC Public Health

2012;

12

(1): 1.

45. Malete L, Motlhoiwa K, Shaibu S, Wrotniak BH, Maruapula SD,

Jackson J,

et al

. Body image dissatisfaction is increased in male and

overweight/obese adolescents in Botswana.

J Obes

2013;

2013

: 763624.

46. Agbre-Yace ML, Oyenusi EE, Oduwole AO, Ake MD, Abodo JR.

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents in

the district of Abidjan in Cote d’Ivoire: a population-based study.

J

Diabetes Metab Disord

2015;

15

: 38.

47. Mbongwe B, Tapera R, Phaladze N, Lord A, Zetola NM. Predictors of

smoking among primary and secondary school students in Botswana.

PLoS One

2017;

12

(4): e0175640.

48. Warren CW, Riley L, Asma S, Eriksen MP, Green L, Blanton C,

et al.

Tobacco use by youth: a surveillance report from the Global Youth

Tobacco Survey project.

Bull Wld Health Organ

2000;

78

(7): 868–876.

49. Granville-Garcia AF, Clementino MA, Gomes MdNC, Firmino RT,

Ribeiro GLA, Siqueira MBLD. Alcohol consumption among adoles-

cents: attitudes, behaviors and associated factors.

Ciência Saúde Coletiva

2014;

19

(1): 7–16.