CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Vol 23, No 2, March 2012
110
AFRICA
4.
Mathers C, Lopez A, Murray C. The burden of disease and mortality
by condition: Data, methods and results for 2001. In: Lopez A, Mathers
C, Ezzati M, Jamison D, Murray C, eds.
Global Burden of Disease and
Risk Factors
. New York: Oxford University Press & The World Bank,
2006: 75–240.
5.
Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of
disease from 2002 to 2030.
PLoS Med
2006;
3
(11): e442.
6.
Opie LH, Mayosi BM. Cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa.
Circulation
2005;
112
: 3536–3540.
7.
Kengne AP, Amoah AG, Mbanya JC. Cardiovascular complications of
diabetes mellitus in sub-Saharan Africa.
Circulation
2005;
112
(23):
3592–3601.
8.
Kengne AP, Anderson CS. The neglected burden of stroke in
Sub-Saharan Africa.
Int J Stroke
2006;
1
(4): 180–190.
9.
Addo J, Smeeth L, Leon DA. Hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: a
systematic review.
Hypertension
2007;
50
(6): 1012–1018.
10. Mensah GA. Ischaemic heart disease in Africa.
Heart
2008;
94
(7):
836–843.
11. Mensah GA. Epidemiology of stroke and high blood pressure in Africa.
Heart
2008;
94
(6): 697–705.
12. Connor MD, Walker R, Modi G, Warlow CP. Burden of stroke in black
populations in sub-Saharan Africa.
Lancet Neurol
2007;
6
(3): 269–78.
13. Jamison D, Feachem D, Makgopa M, Bos E, Baingana F, Hofman K,
et
al
.
Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa
. 2nd edn. New York:
The World Bank, 2006.
14. Feachem D, Jamison D.
Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa.
1st edn. NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1991.
15.
/ (last accessed 31 August 2011).
16. WHO Collaborating Centre for Surveillance of Cardiovascular Diseases
Epidemiological Profiles of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular
Diseases in the World, 2008.
17. Bax L, Yu LM, Ikeda N, Tsuruta H, Moons KG. Development and vali-
dation of MIX: comprehensive free software for meta-analysis of causal
research data.
BMC Med Res Methodol
2006;
6
: 50.
18. Bax L, Yu LM, Ikeda N, Tsuruta H, Moons KGM. MIX: comprehensive
free software for meta-analysis of causal research data. Version 1.7,
2008.
19. Asuzu MC, Johnson OO, Owoaje ET, Kaufman JS, Rotimi C, Cooper
RS. The Idikan adult mortality study.
Afr J Med Med Sci
2000;
29
(2):
115–118.
20. Castle WM, Wicks AC. A follow-up of 93 newly diagnosed African
diabetics for 6 years.
Diabetologia
1980;
18
(2): 121–123.
21. Charlton KE, Lambert EV, Kreft J. Physical activity, change in blood
pressure and predictors of mortality in older South Africans--a 2-year
follow-up study.
S Afr Med J
1997;
87
(9): 1124–1130.
22. Cohen M, Pocock WA, Lakier JB, McLaren MJ, Lachman AS, Barlow
JB. Four-year follow-up of black schoolchildren with non-ejection
systolic clicks and mitral systolic murmurs.
Am Heart J
1978;
95
(6):
697–701.
23. Davidson NM. Peri-partum cardiac failure.
Lancet
1978;
2
(8083): 261.
24. Dewar SR. Stroke outcome in the absence of a structured rehabilitation
programme.
S Afr Med J
1990;
78
(4): 200–202.
25. Digenio AG, Padayachee N, Groeneveld H. Multivariate models for
compliance with phase 3 cardiac rehabilitation services in Johannesburg.
Ann Acad Med Singapore
1992;
21
(1): 121–127.
26. Fadahunsi HO, Coker AO, Usoro PD. Rheumatic heart disease in
Nigerian children: clinical and preventive aspects.
Ann Trop Paediatr
1987;
7
(1): 54–58.
27. Elamin A, Omer MI, Zein K, Tuvemo T. Epidemiology of childhood
type I diabetes in Sudan, 1987–1990.
Diabetes Care
1992;
15
(11):
1556–1559.
28. Ford L, Abdullahi A, Anjorin FI, Danbauchi SS, Isa MS, Maude GH,
et al
. The outcome of peripartum cardiac failure in Zaria, Nigeria.
Q J
Med
1998;
91
(2): 93–103.
29. Gill GV, Huddle KR, Monkoe G. Long-term (20 years) outcome and
mortality of type 1 diabetic patients in Soweto, South Africa.
Diabet
Med
2005;
22
(12): 1642–1646.
30. Haitas B, Baker SG, Meyer TE, Joffe BI, Seftel HC. Natural history and
cardiac manifestations of homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia.
Q J Med
1990;
76
(279): 731–740.
31. JacksonWP, Van MieghemW, Marine N, Keller R, Edelstein I. Diabetes
among a Tamilian Indian community in Cape Town. Re-examination
after five years.
S Afr Med J
1974;
48
(43): 1839–1843.
32. Koegelenberg CF, Doubell AF, Orth H, Reuter H. Infective endocarditis
in the Western Cape Province of South Africa: a three-year prospective
study.
Q J Med
2003;
96
(3): 217–225.
33. Lang T, Delarocque E, Astagneau P, de Schampfeleire I, Jeannee E,
Salem G. Hypertension during pregnancy in Africa and infants’ health.
A cohort study in an urban setting.
J Perinat Med
1993;
21
(1): 13–24.
34. Lester FT. Nutritional status of young adult Ethiopians before onset and
after treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Ethiop Med J
1990;
28
(1): 1–7.
35. Lester FT. Clinical status of Ethiopian diabetic patients after 20 years of
diabetes.
Diabet Med
1991;
8
(3): 272–276.
36. Luke A, Durazo-Arvizu R, Cao G, Adeyemo A, Tayo B, Cooper R.
Positive association between resting energy expenditure and weight
gain in a lean adult population.
Am J Clin Nutr
2006;
83
(5): 1076–1081.
37. Mayosi BM, Wiysonge CS, Ntsekhe M, Gumedze F, Volmink JA,
Maartens G,
et al.
Mortality in patients treated for tuberculous pericar-
ditis in sub-Saharan Africa.
S Afr Med J
2008;
98
(1): 36–40.
38. McLarty DG, Kinabo L, Swai AB. Diabetes in tropical Africa: a
prospective study, 1981-7. II. Course and prognosis.
Br Med J
1990;
300
(6732): 1107–1110.
39. Motala AA, Omar MA, Gouws E. Transient impaired glucose toler-
ance in South African Indians does not carry a risk for progression to
NIDDM.
Diabetes Care
1997;
20
(7): 1101–1107.
40. Okonofua FE, Balogun JA, Amiengheme NA, O’Brien SP. Blood pres-
sure changes during pregnancy in Nigerian women.
Int J Cardiol
1992;
37
(3): 373–379.
41. Poulter NR, Khaw KT, Hopwood BE, Mugambi M, Peart WS, Rose G,
et al
. The Kenyan Luo migration study: observations on the initiation of
a rise in blood pressure.
Br Med J
1990;
300
(6730): 967–972.
42. Ramaiya KL, Swai AB, McLarty DG, Alberti KG. Improvement in
glucose tolerance after one year of follow-up in a Hindu community in
Africa.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract
1990;
10
(3): 245–255.
43. Reid PJ, Sluis-Cremer GK. Mortality of white South African gold
miners.
Occup Environ Med
1996;
53
(1): 11–16.
44. Walker RW, Rolfe M, Kelly PJ, George MO, James OF. Mortality and
recovery after stroke in the Gambia.
Stroke
2003;
34
(7): 1604–1609.
45. Motala AA, Pirie FJ, Gouws E, Amod A, Omar MA. High incidence of
Type 2 diabetes mellitus in South African Indians: a 10-year follow-up
study.
Diabet Med
2003;
20
(1): 23–30.
46. Abebe M, Haimanot RT. Cerebrovascular accidents in Ethiopia.
Ethiop
Med J
1990;
28
(2): 53–61.
47. Lester FT. Clinical features, complications and mortality in type 2
(non-insulin dependent) diabetic patients in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia,
1976-1990.
Ethiop Med J
1993;
31
(2): 109–126.
48. Hesse IF. Blood pressure response to out-patient drug treatment of
hypertension in 1973–1993 at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra,
Ghana.
West Afr J Med
2003;
22
(2): 182–186.
49. Poulter N, Khaw KT, Hopwood BE, Mugambi M, Peart WS, Sever
PS. Salt and blood pressure in various populations.
J Cardiovasc
Pharmacol
1984;
6
(Suppl 1): S197–203.
50. Poulter NR, Khaw K, Hopwood BE, Mugambi M, Peart WS, Sever PS.
Determinants of blood pressure changes due to urbanization: a longitu-
dinal study.
J Hypertens Suppl
1985;
3
(3): S375–377.
51. Poulter NR, Khaw KT, Sever PS. Higher blood pressures of urban
migrants from an African low-blood pressure population are not due
to selective migration.
Am J Hypertens
1988;
1
(3 Pt 3): 143S–145S.
52. Isezuo AS, Omotoso AB, Araoye MA, Carr J, Corrah T. Determinants
of prognosis among black Africans with hypertensive heart failure.
Afr
J Med Med Sci
2003;
32
(2): 143–149.
53. Adesanya CO, Anjorin FI, Adeoshun IO, Davidson NM, Parry EH.
Peripartum cardiac failure. A ten year follow-up study.
Trop Geogr Med
1989;
41
(3): 190–196.
54. Davidson NM, Parry EH. Peri-partum cardiac failure.
Q J Med
1978;
47
(188): 431–461.
55. Sanderson JE, Adesanya CO, Anjorin FI, Parry EH. Postpartum cardiac
failure – heart failure due to volume overload?
Am Heart J
1979;
97
(5):