CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 28, No 5, September/October 2017
336
AFRICA
cohort: Emerging challenges for urban african communities.
Circulation
2008;
118
: 2360–2367.
11. M DEA-T. The prevalence of anaemia in the world.
World Heal Stat Q
1985;
38
: 302–301.
12. Alexandrakis MG, Tsirakis G. Anemia in heart failure patients.
ISRN
Hematol
2012;
2012
: 1–9.
13. Karaye KKM, Sani MUM. Factors associated with poor prognosis
among patients admitted with heart failure in a Nigerian tertiary medi-
cal centre: a cross-sectional study.
BMC Cardiovasc Disord
2008;
8
: 16.
14. Kuule JKJ, Seremba E, Freers J. Anaemia among patients with conges-
tive cardiac failure in Uganda: its impact on treatment outcomes.
S Afr
Med J
2009;
99
: 876–880.
15. Inglis SSC, Stewart S, Papachan A, Vaghela V, Libhaber C, Veriava Y,
et
al.
Anaemia and renal function in heart failure due to idiopathic dilated
cardiomyopathy.
Eur J Heart Fail
2007;
9
: 384–390.
16. Dzudie A, Kengne AP, Mbahe S, Menanga A, Kenfack M, Kingue
S. Chronic heart failure, selected risk factors and co-morbidities
among adults treated for hypertension in a cardiac referral hospital in
Cameroon.
Eur J Heart Fail
2008;
10
: 367–372.
17. Oyoo GO, Ogola EN. Clinical and socio demographic aspects of
congestive heart failure patients at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi.
East Afr Med J
1999;
76
: 23–27.
18. Ojji D, Stewart S, Ajayi S, Manmak M, Sliwa K. A predominance of
hypertensive heart failure in the Abuja Heart Study cohort of urban
Nigerians: a prospective clinical registry of 1515
de novo
cases.
Eur J
Heart Fail
2013;
15
: 835–842.
19. Onwuchekwa AC, Asekomeh GE. Pattern of heart failure in a Nigerian
teaching hospital.
Vasc Health Risk Manag
2009;
5
: 745–50.
20. Jankowska E, Kasztura M, Sokolski M, Bronisz M, Nawrocka S, Ole
kowska-Florek W,
et al.
Iron deficiency defined as depleted iron stores
accompanied by unmet cellular iron requirements identifies patients at
the highest risk of death after an episode of acute heart failure.
Eur
Heart J
2014;
35
: 2468–2476.
21. Parikh A, Natarajan S, Lipsitz SR, Katz SD. Iron deficiency in commu-
nity-dwelling US adults with self-reported heart failure in the National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III: prevalence and associa-
tions with anemia and inflammation.
Circ Heart Fail
2011;
4
: 599–606.
22. Enjuanes C, Klip IT, Bruguera J, Cladellas M, Ponikowski P, Banasiak
W,
et al.
Iron de fi ciency and health-related quality of life in chronic
heart failure : Results from a multicenter European study.
Int J Cardiol
2014;
174
: 268–275.
23. Jankowska EA, Rozentryt P, Witkowska A, Nowak J, Banasiak W,
Polonski L, Ponikowski P. Iron deficiency impairs exercise capacity in
patients with systolic chronic heart failure, beyond its negative effects on
erythropoiesis.
J Card Fail
2011;
17
: 899–906.
24. Nanas JN, Matsouka C, Karageorgopoulos D, Leonti A, Tsolakis E,
Drakos SG,
et al.
Etiology of anemia in patients with advanced heart
failure.
J Am Coll Cardiol
2006;
48
: 2485–9.
25. Cohen-solal A, Damy T, Terbah M, Kerebel S, Baguet J, Hanon O,
et al.
High prevalence of iron deficiency in patients with acute decompensated
heart failure.
Eur J Heart Fail
2014;
16
: 984–991.
26. Yeo TJ, Yeo PSD, Ching-Chiew Wong R, Ong HY, Leong KTG,
Jaufeerally F,
et al.
Iron deficiency in a multi-ethnic Asian population
with and without heart failure: prevalence, clinical correlates, functional
significance and prognosis.
Eur J Heart Fail
2014;
16
: 1125–1132.
27. De Silva R, Rigby AS, Witte KK, Nikitin NP, Tin L, Goode K,
et al.
Anemia, renal dysfunction, and their interaction in patients with chronic
heart failure.
Am J Cardiol
2006;
98
: 391–398.
28. Witte KK, Desilva R, Chattopadhyay S, Ghosh J, Cleland JG, Clark
AL. Are hematinic deficiencies the cause of anemia in chronic heart
failure?
Am Heart J
2004;
147
: 924–930.
29. Guyatt GH, Patterson C, Ali M, Levine M, Turpie I, Meyer R,
et
al
. Diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia in the elderly.
Am J Med
;
88
:
205–209.
30. Alt MAM, Ph D, Frcp C, Luxton AW, Walker WHC, Frcp C. Serum
ferritin concentration and bone marrow iron stores : a prospective study.
Can Med Assoc J
1978;
118
: 945–946.
31. McMurray JJV, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, Auricchio A, Bohm M,
et
al.
ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic
heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment
of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of
Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart.
Eur J Heart Fail
2012;
14
: 803–869.
32. Anker SD, Comin Colet J, Filippatos G, Willenheimer R, Dickstein K,
Drexler H
et al.
Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and
iron deficiency.
N Engl J Med
2009;
361
: 2436–2448.
33. Ponikowski P, van Veldhuisen DJ, Comin-Colet J, Ertl G, Komajda M,
Mareev V
et al.
Beneficial effects of long-term intravenous iron therapy
with ferric carboxymaltose in patients with symptomatic heart failure
and iron deficiency.
Eur Heart J
2014;
36
: 657–668.
34. Foldes G, Thum T, Majda J, Poole-Wilson PPA,
et al.
Effect of intra-
venous iron sucrose on exercise tolerance in anemic and nonanemic
patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure and iron deficiency.
J
Am Coll Cardiol
2008;
51
: 103–112.
35. SM Lewis, BJ Bain IB.
Dacie and Lewis
Practical Haematology
. 10th
edn. Churchill Livingstone: Elsevier, 2010: 102–106.
36. Suominen P, Punnonen K, Rajamäki A, Irjala K. Serum transferrin
receptor and transferrin receptor-ferritin index identify healthy subjects
with subclinical iron deficits.
Blood
1998;
92
: 2934–2939.
37. Means RT, Allen J, Sears D, Schuster SJ. Serum soluble transferrin
receptor and the prediction of marrow aspirate iron results in a hetero-
geneous group of patients.
Clin Lab Haematol
1999;
21
: 161–167.
38. Van Tellingen A, Kuenen JC, De Kieviet W, van Tinteren H, Kooi
MLK, Vasmel WLE. Iron deficiency anaemia in hospitalised patients:
Value of various laboratory parameters – Differentiation between IDA
and ACD.
Neth J Med
2001;
59
: 270–279.
39. Eun JL, Oh EJ, Park YJ, Hae KL, Byung KK. Soluble transferrin
receptor (sTfR), ferritin, and sTfR/log ferritin index in anemic patients
with nonhematologic malignancy and chronic inflammation.
Clin Chem
2002;
48
: 1118–1121.
40. Joosten E, Loon R Van, Billen J, Blanckaert N, Fabri R, Pelemans W.
Serum transferrin receptor in the evaluation of the iron status in elderly
hospitalized patients with anemia.
Am J Hematol
2002;
69
: 1–6.
41. Hansen TMRK, Hansen NE. Serum ferritin as indicator of iron respon-
sive anaemia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Ann Rheum Dis
1986;
45
: 596–602.
42. Ahluwalia N, Lammi-Keefe CJ, Bendel RB, Morse EE, Beard JL, Haley
NR. Iron deficiency and anemia of chronic disease in elderly women: a
discriminant-analysis approach for differentiation.
Am J Clin Nutr
1995;
61
: 590–596.
43. Wish JB. Assessing iron status: beyond serum ferritin and transferrin
saturation.
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol
2006;
1(
Suppl 1): 4–8.
44. Anker SD, Comin Colet J, Filippatos G, Willenheimer R, Dickstein K,
Drexler H,
et al.
Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and
iron deficiency.
N Engl J Med
2009;
361
: 2436–2448.
45. Jackson RT, Sauberlich HE, Skala JH, Kretsch MJ, Nelson R, Jackson
RT,
et al.
Comparison of hemoglobin values in black and white male US
military personnel.
J Nutr
2015;
113
: 165–171.
46. Williams DM. Racial differences of hemoglobin concentration: meas-
urements of iron, copper, and zinc.
Am J Clin Nutr
1981;
34
: 1964–1700.