CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 30, No 6, November/December 2019
360
AFRICA
10. Ngala RA, Opoku D, Asare G. Effects of HIV infection and highly
active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the liver of HIV patients.
Trends Med Res
2015;
10
: 1–11. 10.3923/tmr.2015.1.11.
11. Msango L, Downs JA, Kalluvya SE, Kidenya BR, Kabangila R,
Johnson Jr WD,
et al
. Renal dysfunction among HIV-infected patients
starting antiretroviral therapy in Mwanza, Tanzania.
AIDS
2011;
25
:
1421. 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328348a4b1.
12. Van Heerden A, Barnabas RV, Norris SA, Micklesfield LK, van Rooyen
H, Celum C. High prevalence of HIV and non-communicable disease
(NCD) risk factors in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
J Int AIDS
Soc
2017;
20
: 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25012.13. Cerrato E, Calcagno A, D’ascenzo F, Biondi-Zoccai G, Mancone M,
Marra WG,
et al.
Cardiovascular disease in HIV patients: from bench
to bedside and backwards.
Open Heart
2015;
2
: 1–9.
http://dx.doi.
org/10.1136/openhrt-2014-000174.
14. Geldsetzer P, Manne-Goehler J, Bärnighausen T, Davies JI. What
research is needed to address the co-epidemics of HIV and cardiometa-
bolic disease in sub-Saharan Africa?
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol
2017;
6
: 7–9. 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30091-8.
15. Fourie CMT, van Rooyen JM, Kruger A, Schutte AE. Lipid abnormali-
ties in a never-treated HIV-1 subtype C-infected African population.
Lipids
2010;
45
: 73–80.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-009-3369-4.16. Teo K, Chow CK, Vaz M, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S. The Prospective Urban
Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study: examining the impact of societal influ-
ences on chronic noncommunicable diseases in low-, middle-, and high-
income countries.
Am Heart J
2009;
158
: 1–7. 10.1016/j.ahj.2009.04.019.
17. Southern African HIV Clinicians Society. Fixed-dose combination
for adults accessing antiretroviral therapy.
S Afr J HIV Med
2013;
14
:
41–43. DOI:10.7196/SAJHIVMED.913.
18. Maritz M, Fourie CM, van Rooyen JM, Kruger IM, Schutte AE.
A health profile associated with excessive alcohol use independently
predicts aortic stiffness over 10 years in black South Africans.
J
Hypertens
2017;
35
: 2268–2275. 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001452.
19. Johnson R, McNutt P, MacMahon S, Robson R. Use of the Friedewald
formula to estimate LDL-cholesterol in patients with chronic renal fail-
ure on dialysis.
Clin Chem
1997;
43
(11): 2183–2184.
20. Lucas GM, Ross MJ, Stock PG, Shlipak MG, Wyatt CM, Gupta SK,
et al
. Clinical practice guideline for the management of chronic kidney
disease in patients infected with HIV: 2014 update by the HIV Medicine
Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
Clin Infec
Dis
2014;
59
(9): e96–e138. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu617.
21. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 2016. South Africa
takes bold step to provide HIV treatment for all.
http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2016/
may/20160513_UTT. Accessed 13 April 2018.
22. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 2017. Ending AIDS
progress towards the 90-90-90 targets.
http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/Global_AIDS_update_2017_en.pdf. Accessed
12 April 2018.
23. Douville P, Martel AR, Talbot J, Desmeules S, Langlois S, Agharazii
M. Impact of age on glomerular filtration estimates.
Nephrol Dial
Transplant
2008;
24
: 97–103.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn473.24. Stein JH, Hadigan CM, Brown TT, Chadwick E, Feinberg J, Friis-
Møller N,
et al
. Prevention strategies for cardiovascular disease in
HIV-infected patients.
Circulation
2008;
118
: e54–e60.
25. Liu E, Armstrong C, Spiegelman D, Chalamilla G, Njelekela M,
Hawkins C,
et al
. First-line antiretroviral therapy and changes in lipid
levels over 3 years among HIV-infected adults in Tanzania.
Clin Infect
Dis
2013;
56
: 1820–1828.
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit120.26. Van der Valk M, Kastelein JJ, Murphy RL, van Leth F, Katlama C,
Horban A,
et al
. Nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1
infected patients results in an anti-atherogenic lipid profile.
AIDS
2001;
15
: 2407–2414.
27. Hanak V, Munoz J, Teague J, Stanley Jr A, Bittner V. Accuracy of the
triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio for prediction
of the low-density lipoprotein phenotype B.
Am J Cardiol
2004;
94
:
219–222.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.03.069.28. Deeks SG, Phillips AN. HIV infection, antiretroviral treatment, ageing,
and non-AIDS related morbidity.
Br Med J
2009;
338
: a3172–3174.
DOI:10.1136/bmj.a3172.
29. Deeks SG, Verdin E, McCune JM. Immunosenescence and HIV.
Curr
Opin Immunol
2012;
24
: 501–506. DOI:10.1016/j.coi.2012.05.004
30. Hileman CO, Funderburg NT. Inflammation, immune activation, and
antiretroviral therapy in HIV.
Curr HIV/AIDS Rep
2017;
14
: 93–100.
10.1007/s11904-017-0356-x.
31. Shivakoti R, Yang W-T, Berendes S, Mwelase N, Kanyama C, Pillay S,
et al
. Persistently elevated C-reactive protein level in the first year of
antiretroviral therapy, despite virologic suppression, is associated with
HIV disease progression in resource-constrained settings.
J Infect Dis
2015;
213
: 1074–1078.
https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv573.32. Erlandson KM, Campbell TB. Inflammation in chronic HIV infection:
what can we do?
J Infect Dis
2015;
212
: 339–342.
https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv007.
33. Li Y, Zhong X, Cheng G, Zhao C, Zhang L, Hong Y,
et al
. Hs-CRP
and all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality risk: a meta-analysis.
Atherosclerosis
2017;
259
: 75–82.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclero-sis.2017.02.003.
34. Sharma B. Oxidative stress in HIV patients receiving antiretroviral
therapy.
Cur HIV Res
2014;
12
: 13–21.
35. Drozdz R, Parmentier C, Hachad H, Leroy P, Gerard Siest G, Wellman
M.
γ
-Glutamyltransferase dependent generation of reactive oxygen
species from a glutathione/transferrin system.
Free Radic Biol Med
1998;
25
: 786–792.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00127-0.
36. Lucien K, Clement A, Fon N, Weledji P, Ndikvu C. The effects of
antiretroviral treatment on liver function enzymes among HIV-infected
out-patients attending the central hospital of Yaounde, Cameroon.
Am
J Clin Exp Med
2010;
11
: 174–178.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v11i3.57777.
37. Verucchi G, Calza L, Manfredi R, Chiodo F. Letters to the Editor:
Incidence of liver toxicity in hiv-infected patients receiving isolated dual
nucleoside analogue antitretroviral therapy.
J AIDS
2003;
33
: 546–548.
38. Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. Elevated serum alanine aminotransferase and
γ
-glutamyltransferase and mortality in the United States popula-
tion.
Gastroenterology
2009;
136
: 477–485.
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2008.10.052.
39. Kontorinis N, Dieterich D. Hepatotoxicity of antiretroviral therapy.
AIDS Rev
2003;
5
: 36–41.
40. Ng DK, Jacobson LP, Brown TT, Palella Jr FJ, Martinson JJ, Bolan R,
et al
. HIV therapy, metabolic and cardiovascular health are associated
with glomerular hyperfiltration in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.
AIDS
2014;
28
: 377–386. 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000094.
41. Kalayjian RC, Franceschini N, Gupta SK, Szczech LA, Mupere E,
Bosch RJ,
et al
. Suppression of HIV-1 replication by antiretrovi-
ral therapy improves renal function in persons with low CD4 cell
counts and chronic kidney disease.
AIDS
2008;
22
: 481–487. 10.1097/
QAD.0b013e3282f4706d.
42. Szczech LA, Gupta SK, Habash R, Guasch A, Kalayjian R, Appel R,
et al
. The clinical epidemiology and course of the spectrum of renal
diseases associated with HIV infection.
Kidney Int
2004;
66
: 1145–1152.
10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00865.x