CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 27, No 6, November/December 2016
386
AFRICA
52. Pitts KR, Stiko A, Buetow B, Lott F, Guo P, Virca D, Toombs CF.
Washout of heme-containing proteins dramatically improves tetrazoli-
um-based infarct staining.
J Pharmacol Toxicol Meth
2007;
55
: 201–208
(PMID: 16931060).
53. Mandala S, Hajdu R, Bergstrom J, Quackenbush E, Xie J, Milligan J,
et al
. Alteration of lymphocyte trafficking by sphingosine-1-phosphate
receptor agonists.
Science
2002;
296
: 346–349 (PMID: 11923495).
54. Dantas APV, Igarashi J, Michel T. Sphingosine 1-phosphate and control
of vascular tone.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol
2003;
284
: H2045–
H2052 (PMID: 12742827).
55. Tölle M, Levkau B, Keul P, Brinkmann V, Giebing G, Schönfelder G,
et al
. Immunomodulator FTY720 induces eNOS-dependent arterial
vasodilatation via the lysophospholipid receptor S1P3.
Circ Res
2005;
96
: 913–920 (PMID: 15802614).
56. Igarashi J, Michel T. Sphingosine-1-phosphate and modulation of
vascular tone.
Cardiovasc Res
2009;
82
: 212–220 (PMID: 19233865).
57. Vessey DA, Kelley M, Zhang J, Li L, Tao R, Karliner JS.
Dimethylsphingosine and FTY720 inhibit the SK1 form but activate the
SK2 form of sphingosine kinase from rat heart.
J Biochem Mol Toxicol
2007;
21
: 273–279 (PMID: 17912702).
58. Strub GM, Maceyka M, Hait NC, Milstien S, Spiegel S. Extracellular
and intracellular actions of sphingosine-1-phosphate.
Adv Exp Med Biol
2010;
688
: 141–155 (PMID: 20919652).
59. Theilmeier G, Schmidt C, Herrmann J, Keul P, Schäfers M, Herrgott
I,
et al
. High-density lipoproteins and their constituent, sphingosine-
1-phosphate, directly protect the heart against ischemia/reperfusion
injury
in vivo
via the S1P3 lysophospholipid receptor.
Circulation
2006;
114
: 1403–1409 (PMID: 16982942).
60. Wang G, Kim RY, Imhof I, Honbo N, Luk FS, Li K,
et al
. The
immunosuppressant FTY720 prolongs survival in a mouse model of
diet-induced coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction.
J
Cardiovasc Pharmacol
2014;
63
: 132–143 (PMID: 24508946).
61. Ke Y, Lei M, Solaro RJ. Regulation of cardiac excitation and contrac-
tion by p21 activated kinase-1.
Prog Biophys Mol Biol
2008;
98
: 238–250
(PMID: 19351515).
62. Ke Y, Sheehan KA, Egom EEA, Lei M, Solaro RJ. Novel bradykinin
signaling in adult rat cardiac myocytes through activation of p21-acti-
vated kinase.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol
2010;
298
: H1283–H1289
(PMID: 20154261).
63. Ke Y, Lei M, Wang X, Solaro RJ. Novel roles of PAK1 in the heart.
Cell
Logistics
2012;
2
: 89–94 (PMID: 23162741).
64. Suzuki E, Handa K, Toledo MS, Hakomori S. Sphingosine-dependent
apoptosis: a unified concept based on multiple mechanisms operating in
concert.
Proc Natl Acad Sci
2004;
101
: 14788–14793 (PMID: 15466700).
65. Taegtmeyer H, Hems R, Krebs HA. Utilization of energy-providing
substrates in the isolated working rat heart.
Biochem J
1980;
186
:
701-711 (PMID: 6994712).
66. Damerau W, Ibel J, Thürich T, Assadnazari H, Zimmer G. Generation
of free radicals in Langendorff and working hearts during normoxia,
hypoxia, and reoxygenation.
Basic Res
Cardiol
1993;
88
: 141–149
(PMID: 8389121).
67. Landeen LK, Dederko DA, Kondo CS, Hu BS, Aroonsakool N, Haga
JH, Giles WR. Mechanisms of the negative inotropic effects of sphin-
gosine-1-phosphate on adult mouse ventricular myocytes.
Am J Physiol
Heart Circ Physiol
2008;
294
: H736–H749 (PMID: 18024550).
68. Forrest M, Sun SY, Hajdu R, Bergstrom J, Card D, Doherty G,
et
al
. Immune cell regulation and cardiovascular effects of sphingosine
1-phosphate receptor agonists in rodents are mediated via distinct
receptor subtypes.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther
2004;
309
: 758–768 (PMID:
14747617).
69. Sanna MG, Liao J, Jo E, Alfonso C, Ahn M-Y, Peterson MS,
et al
.
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor subtypes S1P1 and S1P3,
respectively, regulate lymphocyte recirculation and heart rate.
J Biol
Chem
2004;
279
: 13839–13848 (PMID: 14732717).
70. Koyrakh L, Roman MI, Brinkmann V, Wickman K. The heart rate
decrease caused by acute FTY720 administration is mediated by the
G protein-gated potassium channel IKACh.
Am J Transplant
2005;
5
:
529–536 (PMID: 15707407).
71. Brinkmann V. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors in health and disease:
mechanistic insights from gene deletion studies and reverse pharmacol-
ogy.
Pharmacol Ther
2007;
115
: 84–105 (PMID: 17561264).
72. Ochi R, Momose Y, Oyama K, Giles WR. Sphingosine-1-phosphate
effects on guinea pig atrial myocytes: alterations in action potentials and
K
+
currents.
Cardiovasc Res
2006;
70
: 88–96 (PMID: 16545787).
73. Means CK, Brown JH. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signalling in
the heart.
Cardiovasc Res
2009;
82
: 193–200 (PMID: 19282351).
74. Van Vuuren D, Genis A, Genade S, Lochner A. Postconditioning the
isolated working rat heart.
Cardiovasc Drugs Ther
2008;
22
: 391–397
(PMID: 18563544).
75. Huisamen B, Dietrich D, Bezuidenhout N, Lopes J, Flepisi B, Blackhurst
D, Lochner A. Early cardiovascular changes occurring in diet-induced,
obese insulin-resistant rats.
Mol Cell Biochem
2012;
368
: 37–45 (PMID:
22638648).
76. Cohen MV, Yang X-M, Downey JM. Smaller infarct after precondition-
ing does not predict extent of early functional improvement of reper-
fused heart.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol
1999;
277
: H1754–H1761
(PMID: 10564128).
77. Ford WR, Clanachan AS, Hiley CR, Jugdutt BI. Angiotensin II reduces
infarct size and has no effect on post-ischaemic contractile dysfunc-
tion in isolated rat hearts.
Br J Pharmacol
2001;
134
: 38–45 (PMID:
11522595).
78. Uematsu M, Okada M. Differences in prolonged ischemia length using
ischemic preconditioning in the rabbit heart: tolerable limitation time for
surgically induced myocardial ischemia during normothermic cardiac
operation.
J Cardiovasc Surg
2001;
42
: 323–331 (PMID: 11398027).
79. Millward TA, Zolnierowicz S, Hemmings BA. Regulation of protein
kinase cascades by protein phosphatase 2A.
Trends Biochem Sci
1999;
24
: 186–191 (PMID: 10322434).
80. Budde K, Schmouder RL, Brunkhorst R, Nashan B, Lücker PW, Mayer
T,
et al.
First human trial of FTY720, a novel immunomodulator, in
stable renal transplant patients.
J Am Soc Nephrol
2002;
13
: 1073–1083
(PMID: 11912269).
81. David OJ, Kovarik JM, Schmouder RL. Clinical pharmacokinetics of
Fingolimod.
Clin Pharmacokinet
2012;
51
: 15–28 (PMID: 22149256).
82. Gold R, Comi G, Palace J, Siever A, Gottschalk R, Bijarnia M,
et al
.
Assessment of cardiac safety during fingolimod treatment initiation in a
real-world relapsing multiple sclerosis population: a phase 3b, open-label
study.
J Neurol
2014;
261
: 267–276 (PMID: 24221641).