CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 30, No 4, July/August 2019
AFRICA
227
for objective evidence: results from the CHARM Echocardiographic
Substudy – CHARMES.
J Am Coll Cardiol
2007;
49
: 687–694.
3.
Gottdiener JS, Kitzman DW, Aurigemma GP, Arnold AM, Manolio
TA. Left atrial volume, geometry and function in systolic and diastolic
heart failure of persons
≥
65 years of age (the Cardiovascular Health
study).
Am J Cardiol
1997;
97
: 83–89.
4.
Kurt M, Wang J, Torre-Amione G, Nagueh SF. Left atrial function in
diastolic heart failure.
Circ Cardiovasc Imaging
2009;
2
: 10–15.
5.
Tan YT, Wenzelburger F, Lee E, Nightingale P, Heatlie G,
et al
.
Reduced left atrial function on exercise in patients with heart failure and
normal ejection fraction.
Heart
2010;
96
: 1017–1023.
6.
Hesse B, Schuele SU, Thamilasaran M, Thomas J, Rodriguez L. A
rapid method to quantify left atrial contractile function: Doppler tissue
imaging of the mitral annulus during atrial systole.
Eur J Echocardiogr
2004;
5
: 86–92.
7.
Yip G, Wang M, Zhang Y, Fung JW, Ho PY,
et al.
Left ventricular long-
axis function in diastolic heart failure is reduced in both diastole and
systole: time for a redefinition?
Heart
2002;
87
: 121–125.
8.
Petrie MC, Caruana L, Berry C, McMurray JJ. ‘Diastolic heart failure’
or heart failure caused by subtle left ventricular systolic dysfunction?
Heart
2002;
87
: 29–31.
9.
Yu CM, Lin H, Yang H, Kong SL, Zhang Q,
et al
. Progression of
systolic abnormalities in patients with ‘isolated’ diastolic heart failure
and diastolic dysfunction.
Circulation
2002;
105
: 1195–1201.
10. Nikitin NP, Witte KK, Clark AL, Cleland JG. Color tissue Doppler-
derived long-axis left ventricular function in heart failure with preserved
global systolic function.
Am J Cardiol
2002;
90
: 1174–1177.
11. Bruch C, Gradaus R, Gunia S, Breithardt G, Wichter T. Doppler tissue
analysis of mitral annular velocities:
evidence for systolic abnor-
malities in patients with diastolic heart failure.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr
2003;
16
: 1031–1036.
12. Vinereanu D, Nicolaides E, Tweddel AC, Fraser AG. ‘Pure’ dias-
tolic dysfunction is associated with long-axis systolic dysfunction.
Implications for the diagnosis and classification of heart failure.
Eur J
Heart Fail
2005;
7
: 820–828.
13. Garcia EH, Perna ER, Farias EF, Obregón RO, Macin SM,
et al
.
Reduced systolic performance by tissue Doppler in patients with
preserved and abnormal ejection fraction: new insights in chronic heart
failure.
Int J Cardiol
2006;
108
: 181–188.
14. Setaro JF, Zaret BL, Schulman DS, Black HR, Soufer R. Usefulness
of verapamil for congestive heart failure associated with abnormal left
ventricular diastolic filling and normal left ventricular systolic perfor-
mance.
Am J Cardiol
1990;
66
: 981–986.
15. Hung MJ, Cherng WJ, Kuo LT, Wang CH. Effect of verapamil in elderly
patients with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction as a cause of conges-
tive heart failure.
Int J Clin Pract
2002;
56
: 57–62.
16. Deswal A, Richardson P, Bozkurt B, Mann DL. Results of the
Randomised Aldosterone Antagonism in Heart Failure with Preserved
Ejection Fraction trial (RAAM-PEF).
J Card Fail
2011;
17
: 634–642.
17. Yip GWK, Wang M, Wang, T, Chan S, Fung JW,
et al
. The Hong Kong
diastolic heart failure study: a randomised controlled trial of diuretics,
irbesartan and ramipril on quality of life, exercise capacity, left ventricu-
lar global and regional function in heart failure with a normal ejection
fraction.
Heart
2008;
94
: 573–580.
18. Wang JG, Pimenta E, Chwallek F. Comparative review of the blood
pressure-lowering and cardiovascular benefits of telmisartan and perin-
dopril.
Vasc Health Risk Manag
2014;
10
: 189–200.
19. ADVANCE Echocardiography Substudy Investigators; ADVANCE
collaborative group. Effects of perindopril–indapamide on left ventricu-
lar diastolic function and mass in patients with type 2 diabetes:
the ADVANCE Echocardiography Substudy.
J Hypertens
2011;
29
:
1439–1447.
20. Pela G, Pattoneri P, Passera M, Tirabassi G, Reverberi C,
et al.
Long-
term effects of perindopril on left ventricular structure and function in
patients with stable coronary artery disease: a conventional and Doppler
tissue echocardiographic pilot study.
J Cardiovasc Med
(Hagerstown)
2009;
10
: 781–786.
21. Owan T, Hodge DO, Herges RM, Jacobsen SJ, Roger VL,
et al
. Secular
trends in renal dysfunction and outcomes in hospitalized heart failure
patients.
J Card Fail
2006;
12
: 257–262.
22. Vinereanu D, Nicolaides E, Tweddel AC, Mädler CF, Holst B,
et al
.
Subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with
Type II diabetes mellitus, related to serum lipids and glycated haemo-
globin.
Clin Sci
(Lond) 2003;
105
: 591–599.
23. Wang M, Yip GW, Wang AY, Zhang Y, Ho PY,
et al.
Tissue Doppler
imaging provides incremental prognostic value in patients with systemic
hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy.
J Hypertens
2005;
23
:
183–191.
24. Galrinho A, Branco L, Soares R, Timóteo A, Abreu J,
et al
. Prognostic
implications of tissue Doppler in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.
Rev Port Cardiol
2006;
25
: 781–793.
25. Terzi S, Sayar N, Bilsel T, Enc Y, Yildirim A,
et al
. Tissue Doppler imag-
ing adds incremental value in predicting exercise capacity in patients
with congestive heart failure.
Heart Vessels
2007;
22
: 237–244.
26. Paulus WJ, Tschöpe C, Sanderson JE, Rusconi C, Flachskampf FA,
et al
. How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement
on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection
fraction by the Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of
the European Society of Cardiology.
Eur Heart J
2007;
28
: 2539–2550.
27. Maisel A, Mueller C, Adams K Jr, Anker SD, Aspromonte N,
et al
.
State of the art: using natriuretic peptide levels in clinical practice.
Eur J
Heart Fail
2008;
10
: 824–839.
28. Anjan VY, Loftus TM, Burke MA, Akhter N, Fonarow GC,
et al.
Prevalence, clinical phenotype, and outcomes associated with normal
B-type natriuretic peptide levels in heart failure with preserved ejection
fraction.
Am J Cardiol
2012;
110
: 870–876.
29. Horwich TB, Hamilton MA, Fonarow GC. B-type natriuretic peptide
levels in obese patients with advanced heart failure.
J Am Coll Cardiol
2006;
47
: 85–90.
30. Bayes-Genis A, Lloyd-Jones DM, van Kimmenade RR, Lainchbury
JG, Richards AM,
et al
. Effect of body mass index on diagnostic and
prognostic usefulness of amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide
in patients with acute dyspnea.
Arch Intern Med
2007;
167
: 400–407.
31. Li N, Wang JA. Brain natriuretic peptide and optimal management of
heart failure.
J Zhejiang Univ Sci B
, 2005;
6
: 877–884.
32. Hogg K, Swedberg K, McMurray J. Heart failure with preserved left
ventricular systolic function: epidemiology, clinical characteristics and
prognosis.
J Am Coll Cardiol
2004;
43
: 317–327.