![Show Menu](styles/mobile-menu.png)
![Page Background](./../common/page-substrates/page0045.png)
CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 27, No 1, January/February 2016
AFRICA
43
rates, was similar between the two groups at admission and at
the one-month follow up. In light of these results, we believe that
revascularisation within three to 12 hours from TT may be as
beneficial as PPCI for restoring RV systolic function. RV-STEMI
diagnosis should be prompt and TT should be initiated in
centres where PPCI cannot be performed. Patients should then
immediately be referred to centres with coronary laboratories.
References
1.
Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD. Universal definition of myocar-
dial ınfarction.
J
Am Coll Cardiol
2007;
50
: 2173–2195, doi:10.1016/j.
jacc.2007.09.011.
2.
Gaudron P, Eilles C, Kugler I, Ertl G. Progressive left ventricular
dysfunction and remodeling after myocardial infarction. Potential
mechanisms and early predictors.
Circulation
1993;
87
: 755–763. doi:
10.1161/01.CIR.87.3.755.
3.
Risk stratification and survival after myocardial infarction.
N Engl J
Med
1983;
309
: 331–336. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198308113090602.
4.
Goldstein JA. Right heart ischemia: pathophysiology, natural history,
and clinical management.
Prog Cardiovasc Dis
1998;
40
: 325–341. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0033-0620(98)80051-0.
5.
Isner JM, Roberts WC. Right ventricular infarction complicating left
ventricular infarction secondary to coronary heart disease. Frequency,
location, associated findings and significance from analysis of 236
necropsy patients with acute or healed myocardial infarction.
Am J
Cardiology
1978;
42
: 885–894. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(78)90672-0.
6.
Andersen HR, Falk E, Nielsen D. Right ventricular infarction: frequen-
cy, size and topography in coronary heart disease: a prospective study
comprising 107 consecutive autopsies from a coronary care unit.
J Am
Coll Cardiol
1987;
10
: 1223–1232. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(87)80122-5.
7.
Zornoff LA, Skali H, Pfeffer MA St John Sutton M, Rouleau JL,
Lamas GA. Right ventricular dysfunction and risk of heart failure
and mortality after myocardial infarction.
J Am Coll Cardiol
2002;
39
:
1450–1455. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01804-1.
8.
O’Rourke RA, Dell’Italia LJ. Diagnosis and management of right
ventricular myocardial infarction.
Curr Probl Cardiol
2004;
29
: 1–47. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2003.08.003.9.
Sima AV, Stancu CS, Simionescu M. Vascular endothelium in athero-
sclerosis.
Cell Tissue Res
2009;
335
: 191–203. Doi: 10.1007/s00441-008-
0678-5.
10. Calabro P, Willerson JT, Yeh ET. Inflammatory cytokines stimu-
lated C-reactive protein production by human coronary artery smooth
muscle cells.
Circulation
2003;
108
: 1930–1932. Doi:10.1161/01.
CIR.0000096055.62724.C5.
11. Antman EM, Morrow DA. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarc-
tion management. In: Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P (eds).
Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine
, 9th
edn. Elsevier-Saunders; Philedelphia, 2012: 1111–1128.
12. Windecker S, Kolh P, Alfonso F, Collet JP, Cremer J, Falk V,
et al
. 2014
ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization: the task force
on myocardial revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology
(ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
(EACTS) developed with the special contribution of the European
Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI).
Eur Heart J
2014;
35
: 2541–2619. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu278.
13. Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J Hua L, Handschumacher MD,
Chandrasekaran K,
et al
. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assess-
ment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American
Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association
of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of
Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography.
J Am Soc
Echocardiogr
2010;
23
: 685–713. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2010.05.010.
14. Kaul S, Tei C, Hopkins JM, Shah PM. Assessment of right ventricular
function using two-dimensional echocardiography.
Am Heart J
1984;
107
: 526–531. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(84)90095-4.
15. Anavekar NS, Gerson D, Skali H, Kwong RY, Yucel EK, Solomon SD.
Two-dimensional assessment of right ventricular function: an echocar-
diographic-MRI correlative study.
Echocardiography
2007;
24
: 452–456.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2007.00424.x.
16. Tamborini G, Pepi M, Galli CA, Maltagliati A, Celeste F, Muratori M,
et al.
Feasibility and accuracy of a routine echocardiographic assess-
ment of right ventricular function.
Int J Cardiol
2007;
115
: 86–89. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.01.017.17. Rojo EC, Rodrigo JL, Perez de Isla L, Almeria C, Gonzalo N, Aubele
A,
et al.
Disagreement between tissue Doppler imaging and conven-
tional pulsed wave Doppler in the measurement of myocardial perfor-
mance index.
Eur J Echocardiogr
2006;
7
: 356–364. DOI:
http://dx.doi.
org/10.1016/j.euje.2005.08.004.
18. Schiller NB, Shah PM, Crawford M, DeMaria A, Devereux R,
Feigenbaum H,
et al
. Recommendations for quantitation of the left
ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography. American Society of
Echocardiography committee on standards, subcommittee on quantita-
tion of two-dimensional echocardiograms.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr
1989;
2
: 358–367.
19. Anavekar NS, Skali H, Bourgoun M, Ghali JK, Kober L, Maggioni AP,
et al.
Usefulness of right ventricular fractional area change to predict
death, heart failure, and stroke following myocardial infarction (from
the VALIANT ECHO study).
Am J Cardiol
2008;
101
: 607–612. doi:
10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.09.115.
20. Kukulski T, Hubbert L, Arnold M,
et al
. Normal regional right
ventricular functionand its change with age: a Doppler myocardial
imaging study.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr
2000;
13
: 194–204. doi:10.1067/
mje.2000.103106.
21. Tei C. New non-invasive index for combined systolic and diastolic
ventricular function.
J Cardiol
1995;
26
: 135–136. doi:10.1016/0735-
1097(96)00202-1.
22. Ueti OM, Camargo EE, Ueti Ade A, de Lima-Filho EC, Nogueira
EA. Assessment of right ventricular function with Doppler echocar-
diographic indices derived from tricuspid annular motion: comparison
with radionuclide angiography.
Heart
2002;
88
: 244–248. doi:10.1136/
heart.88.3.244.
23. Karakurt O, Akdemir R. Right ventricular function in ST elevation
myocardial infarction: effect of reperfusion.
Clin Invest Med
2009;
32
:
285–292.
24. Miller D, Farah MG, Liner A, Fox K, Schluchter M, Hoit BD. The
relation between quantitative right ventricular ejection fraction and
indices of tricuspid annular motion and myocardial performance.
J Am
Soc Echocardiogr
2004;
17
: 443–447. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2004.01.010.
25. Sade LE, Ozin B, Ulus T, Açikel S, Pirat B, Bilgi M,
et al
. Right ventricu-
lar contractile reserve in mitral stenosis: implications on hemodynamic
burden and clinical outcome.
Int J Cardiol
2009;
135
: 193–201. doi:
10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.03.050.
26. Hayrapetyan HG, Adamyan KG, Arakelyan IA. Is combined myocar-
dial performance index and tricuspid annular planesystolic excursion
a better predictive estimator than each of them alone in patients with
inferior ST-elevation myocardial infarction?
Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars
2014;
42
: 131–138. doi: 10.5543/tkda.2014.81961.