CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 28, No 1, January/February 2017
AFRICA
53
Am J Crit Care
2009;
18
(5): 468–473.
11. Swart MJ, De Jager WH, Kemp JT, Nel PJ, Van Staden SL, Joubert G.
The effect of the metabolic syndrome on the risk and outcome of coro-
nary artery bypass graft surgery.
Cardiovasc J Afr
2012;
23
(7): 400–404.
12. Ozyazicioglu A, Yalcinkaya S, Vural AH, Yumun G, Bozkurt O. Effects
of metabolic syndrome on early mortality and morbidity in coronary
artery bypass graft patients.
J Int Med Res
2010;
38
(1): 202–207.
13. Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, Forsén B, Lahti K, Nissén M,
et al
.
Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic
syndrome.
Diabetes Care
2001;
24
(4): 683–689.
14. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, Niskanen LK, Kumpusola E,
Tuomilehto J,
et al.
The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascu-
lar disease mortality in middle-aged men
J Am Med Assoc
2002;
288
(21):
2709–2716.
15. Hu G, Qiao Q, Tuomilehto J, Balkau B, Borch-Johnsen K, Pyorala K,
et
al
. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its relation to all-cause and
cardiovascular mortality in nondiabetic European men and women.
Arch
Intern Med
2004;
164
(10): 1066–1076.
16. Onat A, Sansoy V. Metabolic syndrome. Major culprit in coronary
disease among Turks: its pevalence and impact on coronary risk.
Türk
Kardiyol Dern Ar
ş
2002;
30
(1): 8–15.
17. Kajimoto K, Miyauchi K, Kasai T, Yanagisawa N, Yamamoto T,
Kikuchi K,
et al.
Metabolic syndrome is an independent risk factor
stroke and acute renal failure after coronary artery bypass grafting.
J
Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
2009;
137
(3): 658–663.
18. Yılmaz MB, Guray U, Guray Y, Biyikoglu SF, Tandogan I, Sasmaz H,
et al
. Metabolic syndrome negatively impacts early patency of saphenous
vein grafts.
Coron Artery Dis
2006;
17
(1): 41–44.
19. Bardakçı H, Demirda
ş
E, Bahar
İ
, Vural K, Yay K, Çiçekçio
ğ
lu F,
et
al
. Metabolic syndrome and coronary artery bypass surgery.
Turkish J
Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
2007;
15
(3): 187–191.
20. Ardeshiri M, Faritus Z, Ojaghi-Haghighi Z, Bakhshandeh H, Kargar
F, Aghili R. Impact of metabolic syndrome on mortality and morbidity
after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.
Res Cardiovasc Med
2014;
3
(3): e20270.
21. Bundy JK, Gonzalez VR, Barnard BM, Harnard BM, Hardy RJ,
DuPont HL. Gender risk differences for surgical site infections among
a primary coronary artery bypass graft surgery cohort: 1995-1998.
Am J
Infect Control
2006;
34
(3): 114–121.
22. Moulton MJ, Creswell LL, Mackey ME, Cox JL, Rosenbloom M.
Obesity is not a risk factor for significant adverse outcomes after cardiac
surgery.
Circulation
1996;
94
(9): 1187–1192.
23. Kopelman PG. Clinical complication of obesity.
Clin Endocrinol Metab
1984;
13
(3): 613–634.
24. Kim SK, Hur KY, Choi YK, Kim SW, Chung JH, Kim HK,
et al
. The
relationship between lung function and metabolic syndrome in obese and
non-obese korean adult males.
Korean Diabetes J
2010;
34
(4): 253–260.
25. Bagheri J, Rezakhanloo F, Valeshabad AK, Bagheri A. Effects of body
mass index on the early surgical outcomes after coronary artery bypass
grafting.
Turkish J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
2014;
22
(2): 253–259.
26. Hansel B, Giral P, Nobecourt E, Chantepie S, Bruckert E, Chapman
MJ,
et al
. Metabolic syndrome is associated with elevated oxidative stress
and dysfunctional dense high-density lipoprotein particles displaying
impaired antioxidative activity.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab
2004;
89
(10):
4963–4971.
27. Hutley L, Prins JB. Fat as an endocrine organ: relationship to the meta-
bolic syndrome.
Am J Med Sci
2005;
330
(6): 280–289.
28. Echaidi N, Mohty D, Pibarot P, Despres JP, O’Hara G, Champagne J,
et al
. Obesity and metabolic syndrome are independent risk factors for
atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
Circulation
2007;
116
(11): 1213–1219.
29. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Asinger RW, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Frye RL,
et
al
. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial
fibrillation. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American
Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European
Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy
Conferences (Committee to develop guidelines for the management
of patients with atrial fibrillation) developed in collaboration with the
North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology.
Eur Heart J
2001;
22
(20): 1852–1923.
30. Spach MS, Dolber PC, Heidlage JF. Influence of the passive anisotropic
properties on directional differences in propagation following modifica-
tion of the sodium conductance in human atrial muscle. A model of
reentry based on anisotropic discontinuous propagation.
Circ Res
1988;
62
(4): 811–832.
31. Bell DS, O’Keefe JH. Metabolic syndrome and postoperative atrial fibril-
lation.
Eur Heart J
2009;
30
(10): 1167–1168.
32. Kara H, Önem G, Gök
ş
in
İ
, Kestelli M, Özsöyler
İ
, Özcan AV,
et al
. Risk
factors in atrial fıbrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery.
Turkish
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
2003;
11
(1): 14–19.
33. Girerd N, Pibarot P, Fournier D, Daleau p, Voisine P, O’Hara G,
et
al
. Middle-aged men with increased waist circumference and elevated
C-reactive protein level are at higher risk for postoperative atrial fibrilla-
tion following coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.
Eur Heart J
2009;
30
(10): 1270–1278.
34. Gharipour M, Sadeghi MM, Sadeghi M, Farhmand N, Sadeghi PM.
Detrimental predictive effect of metabolic syndrome on postoperative
complications in patients who undergoing coronary artery bypass graft-
ing.
Acta Biomed
2015;
86
(1): 89–91.
35. Likosky DS, Marrin CA, Caplan LR, Baribeau YR, Morton JR,
Weintraub RM,
et al
. Determination of etiologic mechanisms of strokes
secondary to coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
Stroke
2003;
34
(12):
2830–2834.
36. Venkatachalam S, Shishehbor MH. Management of carotid disease in
patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: is it time to change
our approach?
Curr Opin Cardiol
2011;
26
(6): 480–487.
37. Li Y, Walicki D, Mathiesen C, Jenny D, Li Q, Isayev Y,
et al
. Strokes after
cardiac surgery and relationship to carotid stenosis.
Arch Neurol
2009;
66
(9): 1091–1096.
38. Lee EJ, Choi KH, Ryu JS, Jeon SB, Lee SW, Park SW,
et al
. Stroke risk
after coronary artery bypass graft surgery and extent of cerebral artery
atherosclerosis.
J Am Coll Cardiol
2011;
57
(18): 1811–1818.