Cardiovascular Journal of Africa: Vol 24 No 2 (March 2013)

44 / 67

CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Vol 24, No 2, March 2013 42 AFRICA
African patients in Dar es Salaam. Trop Geogr Med 1980;32: 317–323.
30. Lester FT, Keen H. Macrovascular disease in middle-aged diabetic
patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Diabetologia 1988; 31: 361–367.
31. World Health Organization: WHO Global Infobase:
int/infobase/Indicators.aspx (Accesses 28 December 2011).
32. Bovet P, William J, Viswarathan B, Madeleine G, Romain S, Yerly P,
et al. The Seychelles Heart Study 2004; Ministry of Health and Social
Development. _
Seychelles.pdf (Accessed 28 December 2011).
33. Pampel F. Tobacco use in sub-Saharan Africa: Estimates from the
demographic health survey. Soc Sci Med 2008; 66(8): 1772–1783.
34. Ezzati M, Lopez AD. Regional, disease-specific patterns of smoking-
attributable mortality in 2000. Tobacco Control 2004; 13: 388–395.
35. Rolfe M, Mendelsohn D, Armstrong JRM. Lipid levels in diabetic
patients from Central Africa. Int Diabetes Digest 1993; 4: 154–157.
36. Anaja HP, Isah HS, Abdu-Aguye I, Oburu NA. Lipid profiles in diabetic
Nigerians: a Zaria update. Int Diabetes Digest 1995; 6(4): 90–93.
37. Vorster HH. The emergence of cardiovascular disease during urbanisa-
tion of Africans. Public Health Nutr 2002; 5: 239–243.
38. Kadiri S, Salako BL. Cardiovascular risk factors in middle aged
Nigerians. East Afr Med J 1997; 74(5): 303–306.
39. Mollentze WF, More AJ, Steyn AF, Joubert G, Steyn K, Oosthuizen
GM, et al. Coronary heart disease risk factors in a rural and urban
Orange Free State black population. S Afr Med J 1995; 85(2): 90–96.
40. National AIDS Coordinating Agency, Botswana. Progress report of the
national response to the 2001 Declaration of Commitment on HIV and
AIDS: Botswana country report 2010. Gaborone, Ministry of Health,
2010.
41. Johnston MI, Fauci AS. An HIV vaccine-evolving concepts. N Engl J
Med 2007; 356: 2073.
42. Francisci D, Giannini S, Baldelli F, Leone M, Belfiori B, Guglielmini
G, Malincarne L, Gresele P. HIV type 1 infection, and not short-term
HAART, induces endothelial dysfunction. AIDS 2009; 23(5): 589.
43. Baker JV, Duprez D, Rapkin J, Hullsiek KH, Quick H, Grimm R, et al.
Untreated HIV infection and large and small artery elasticity. J Acquir
Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 52(1): 25.
44. Chi D, Henry J, Kelley J, Thorpe R, Smith JK, Krishnaswamy G. The
effects of HIV infection on endothelial function. Endothelium 2000;
7(4): 223.
45. Ford ES, Greenwald JH, Richterman AG, Rupert A, Dutcher L,
BadralmaaY, et al. Traditional risk factors and D-dimer predict incident
cardiovascular disease events in chronic HIV infection. AIDS 2010;
24(10): 1509.
46. Seigneur M, Constans J, Blann A, Renard M, Pellegrin JL, Amiral J,
et al. Soluble adhesion molecules and endothelial cell damage in HIV
infected patients. Thromb Haemost 1997; 77(4): 646.
47. Lo J, Abbara S, Shturman L, Soni A, Wei J, Rocha-Filho JA, et al.
Increased prevalence of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis detected
by coronary computed tomography angiography in HIV-infected men.
AIDS 2010; 24(2): 243.
48. Grunfeld C, Pang M, Doerrler W, Shigenaga JK, Jensen P, Feingold KR.
Lipids, lipoproteins, triglyceride clearance, and cytokines in human
immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74(5): 1045.
49. Dorrington R, Bourne D, Bradshaw D, Laubscher R, Timaeus IM. The
impact of HIV/AIDS on adult mortality in South Africa. Technical
Report. Cape Town: Burden of Disease Research Unit, Medical
Research Council, 2001.
50. Kengne AP, Amoah AGM, Mbanya J-C. Cardiovascular complications
of diabetes mellitus in sub-Saharan Africa. Circulation 2005; 112:
3592–3601.
51. Steyn K, Sliwa K, Hawkens S, Commerford P, Onen C, Damasceno A,
et al. Risk Factors associated with myocardial infarction in Africa: The
INTERHEART Africa Study. Circulation 2005; 112(23): 3554–3561.
52. Ezzati M, Vander Hoorn S, Lopez AD, et al. Comparative quantifica-
tion of mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected risk
factors. In: Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, et al. (eds). Global
Burden of Disease and Risk Factors . New York: Oxford University
Press, 2006: 241–396.
53. Joubert J, McLean CA, Reid CM, Davel D, Pilloy W, Delport R, et al .
Ischemic heart disease in black South African stroke patients. Stroke
2000; 31: 1294–1298.
54. Grusin H. Peculiarities of the African’s electrocardiogram and the
changes observed in serial studies. Circulation 1954; 9: 860–869.
55. Walker ARP, Walker BF. The bearing of race, age, sex and nutritional
state on the precordial electrocardiogram of young South African Bantu
and Caucasian subjects. Am Heart J 1969; 77: 441–459.
56. Ashcroft MT. Problems in interpreting electrocardiograms (ECGs) and
questionnaires for effort pain in rural Jamaica. West Indian Med J 1976;
300: 1350.
57. Przybojewski JZ, Becker PH. ‘Pseudonormalisation’ of the ‘normal
variant pattern’ on the ECG of black subjects after intermittent acute
myocardial ischaemia: a case report. S Afr Med J 1987; 24: 110–113.
58. Norman R, Bradshaw D, Schneider M, Pieterse D, Groenewald P.
Revised Burden of disease estimates for the comparative risk factor
assessment, South Africa 2000. Cape Town: Medical Research Council,
2006.
59. Seedat YK. Review: Diabetes mellitus in South African Indians. Br J
Diabetes Vasc Dis 2005; 5(5): 249–251.
60. Motala AA, Pirie F, Gouws E, Amod A, Omar MAK. High incidence of
type 2 diabetes mellitus in South African Indians: a 10-year follow-up
study. Diabet Med 2003; 20: 23–30.
61. Omar MAK , R Seedat MA, Dyer RB, Motala AA, Knight LT, Becker
PJ South African Indians show a high prevalence of NIDDM and bimo-
dality in plasma glucose distribution. Diabetes Care 1994; 17: 70–73.
62. Bradshaw D, Groenewald P, Laubscher R, Nannan N, Nojilana B,
Norman R, et al. Initial burden of disease estimates for South Africa
2000. Cape Town: South African Medical Research Council, 2003.
URL: (Accessed 28
December 2011).
63. World Health Organization.
bod_deathbyregion.xls (Accessed 28 December 2011).
64. Tien PC, Schneider MF, Cole SR, Levine AM, Cohen M, DeHovitz J, et
al. Antiretroviral therapy exposure and incidence of diabetes mellitus in
the Women’s Interagency HIV Study. AIDS 2007; 21(13): 1739.
65. Brown TT, Li X, Cole SR, Kingsley LA, Palella FJ, Riddler SA,
et al. Cumulative exposure to nucleoside analogue reverse tran-
scriptase inhibitors is associated with insulin resistance markers in the
Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. AIDS 2005; 19(13): 1375.
66. Bradlow BA, Zion MM, Fleishman SJ. Heart disease in Africa, with
particular reference to Southern Africa. Am J Cardiol 1964; 13:
650–669.