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AFRICA
Cardiovascular Journal of Africa • Volume 31, No 4 August 2020
S12
Tobacco and alcohol
The prevalence of tobacco use in adult men and women
(≥ 15 years old) was 38.9% and 11.4%, respectively, which is
higher than comparative Global Health Observatory (GHO)
data of 36.1% for men and 6.8% for women.
5
Data available
for adolescents (13–15-years-old), indicated 31.9% of boys
and 29.9% of girls used tobacco in 2008.
6
The estimated
annual direct cost of tobacco use is not known. The premature
CVD mortality attributable to tobacco is 4% of the total
mortality and much lower than that of the global 10%.
7
The
three-year (2016–18) average recorded alcohol consumption
per capita (≥ 15 years), was 4.4 litres (Table 1).
5
Raised blood pressure and cholesterol
In 2015, about 28% of men and women had raised blood
pressure (BP) (systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥
90 mmHg) levels, which is higher than the GHO level of
22.1% and that of Africa’s 27.4%.
5
In 2017, the percentage
of DALYs lost because of hypertension was about 4.4%,
while mortality caused by hypertensive heart disease was
1.64% matching that of 1.65% for global data (Table 1).
4
The estimated model using data from other countries and
specific country characteristics for raised total cholesterol
(TC ≥ 5.0 mmol/l) was 33.1% compared to GHO data
(38.9%) in 2008.
5
Physical activity
Data for 11–17-year-old adolescents indicated that 87.4%
were insufficiently active [< 60 minutes of moderate- to
vigorous-intensity physical activity (PA) daily].
5
The age-
standardised estimate for adults who were insufficiently
active (< 150 minutes of moderate-intensity PA per week, or
< 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity PA per week) was 33.4%
which is higher than GHO data at 27.5% (Table 1).
5
Table 1. Cardiovascular disease indicators for Namibia
Indicators
Male
Female
Total
Year
Status of national the CVD epidemic
Premature CVD mortality (30–70 years old) (% deaths)
-
-
12
2012
Total CVD mortality (% of deaths)
16.5
19.2
17.7 (31.8)*
2017
Total RHD mortality (% of deaths)
0.32
0.21
0.27 (0.5)*
2017
DALYs attributable to CVD (%)
7.1
6.2
6.7 (14.7)*
2017
AF and atrial flutter (%)
0.21
0.2
0.2 (0.5)*
2017
Prevalence of RHD (%)
0.84
1.03
0.94 (0.5)*
2017
Tobacco and alcohol
Prevalence of adult tobacco use (≥ 15 years old) (%)
38.9 (36.1)**
11.4 (6.8)**
-
2015
Prevalence of youth (13–15-year-olds) tobacco use (%)
31.9 (18.2)**
29.9 (8.3)**
2008
Estimated direct (healthcare related) cost of tobacco use in your
-
-
population (current US$)
Proportion of premature CVD mortality attributable to tobacco (%)
-
-
4 (10)**
2004
Recorded alcohol consumption per capita (≥ 15 years old) (litres of pure alcohol)
4.4
2016–18
(three-year average)
Raised blood pressure and cholesterol
Population with raised BP (SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg) (%)
28.2 (24.1)** 28.4 (20.1)**
-
2018
Population with raised TC (≥ 5.0 mmol/l) (%)
31.1
34.5
33.1 (38.9)**
2008
DALYs attributable to hypertension (%)
4.7
4.0
4.4 (8.7)*
2017
Mortality caused by hypertensive heart disease (% of deaths)
1.12
2.31
1.64 (1.7)*
2017
Physical activity
Adolescents (11–17 years old) who are insufficiently active (< 60 minutes of moderate-
86.5
88.4
87.4
2016
to vigorous-intensity PA daily) (%)
Adults (age-standardised estimate) who are insufficiently active (< 150 minutes of
28.9
37.4
33.4 (27.5)**
2016
moderate-intensity PA per week, or < 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity PA per week) (%)
Overweight and obesity
Adults who are overweight (BMI ≥ 25–< 30 kg/m
2
) (%)
27.2
51.9
40.6 (38.9)**
2016
Prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m
2
) (%)
7.5
25.4
17.2 (13.1)**
2016
Diabetes
Defined population with fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l) or on medication
7.3 (9)**
7.5 (8)**
-
2014
for raised blood glucose (age-standardised) (%)
Prevalence of diabetes (20–79 years old) (%)
-
-
4.5 (9.3)
#
2019
CVD, cardiovascular disease; RHD, rheumatic heart disease; DALYs, disability-adjusted life years; AF, Atrial fibrillation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP,
diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; PA, physical activity; BMI, body mass index.
*IHME Global data exchange
4
**WHO Global data
5
#
IDF
Diabetes Atlas.
8