CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Vol 21, No 3, May/June 2010
150
AFRICA
TABLE 2. INDEPENDENT UNIVARIATEASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MEASURES OF MICROALBUMINURIA
ANDANTHROPOMETRICASWELLAS METABOLIC SYNDROME INDICATORS
Microalbuminuria (mg/l)
High-WHR African males
(
n
=
62)
All African males
(
n
=
101)
High-WHR African females
(
n
=
34)
All African females
(
n
=
99)
Adjusted R
2
0.11
0.15
0.53
0.35
β
(SE)
p
-values
β
(SE)
p
-values
β
(SE)
p
-values
β
(SE)
p
-values
Age
-
-
-
-
–0.41 (0.13)
0.00
–0.26 (0.09)
0.01
Smoking
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Alcohol
0.13 (0.13)
0.31
0.14 (0.10)
0.18
–0.43 (0.13)
0.00
-
-
Physical activity
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
BMI (kg/m
2
)
-
-
-
-
–1.18 (0.33)
0.00
-
-
HC (cm)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
WC (cm)
-
-
0.40 (0.16)
0.02
0.78 (0.32)
0.02
–0.23 (0.09)
0.01
NC (cm)
-
-
–0.27 (0.16)
0.10
-
-
0.52 (0.09)
0.00
SBP (mmHg)
-
-
-
-
0.21 (0.13)
0.11
0.15 (0.09)
0.11
DBP (mmHg)
0.35 (0.13)
0.01
0.27 (0.10)
0.01
-
-
-
-
TG (mmol/l)
0.16 (0.13)
0.22
0.21 (0.11)
0.05
-
-
-
-
Glucose (mmol/l)
-
-
-
-
0.21 (0.13)
0.11
-
-
HDL (mmol/l)
-
-
0.14 (0.11)
0.21
0.37 (0.14)
0.012
0.15 (0.09)
0.08
BMI, body mass index; HC, hip circumference; WC, waist circumference; NC, neck circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic
blood pressure; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high-density lipoproteins. Data in bold were regarded as statistically significant when
p
≤
0.05.
TABLE 1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS (MEAN
±
95% CI): COMPARINGWHR GENDER GROUPS, INDEPENDENT OF CO-VARI-
ATES (AGE, BMI, ALCOHOL, SMOKING, PHYSICALACTIVITY).WHRVALUESACCORDINGTOTHEWHO DEFINITION
21
Males
WHR
≤
0.90
(
n
=
39)
Males
WHR
>
0.90
(
n
=
62)
Total
male group
(
n
=
101)
Females
WHR
≤
0.85
(
n
=
65)
Females
WHR
>
0.85
(
n
=
34)
Total
female group
(
n
=
99)
Age (years)
40.79
(
±
9.44)
a
44.68
(
±
6.7)
a
43.18
(
±
8.05)
43.37
(
±
6.52)
b
49.26
(
±
8.79)
b
45.39
(
±
7.86)
Lifestyle factors:
AIDS (
n
) (%)
(4) 10.26
(9) 14.52
(13) 12.87
(3) 4.62
(2) 5.88
(5) 5.05
Smoking (
n
) (%)
(11) 28.21
(20) 32.26
(31) 30.69
(0) 0
(3) 8.82
(3) 3.03
Alcohol (
n
) (%)
(14) 35.9
(27) 43.55
(41) 40.59
(6) 9.23
(5) 14.71
(11) 11.11
PAI 1 (
n
) (%)
(25) 64.10
(47) 75.81
(72) 71.29
(51) 78.46
(24) 70.59
(75) 75.76
BMI (kg/m
2
)
23.79
(
±
4.46)
c
29.95
(
±
5.23)
c
27.57
(
±
5.77)
d
32.03
(
±
7.03)
34.08
(
±
7.74)
32.73
(
±
7.22)
d
WC (cm)
88.74
(87.20, 90.27)
e
96.59
(95.43, 97.76)
e
98.67
(97.14, 100.2)
89.66
(88.13, 91.18)
f
101
(98.85, 103.27)
f
88.36
(86.81, 89.9)
NC (cm)
36.77
(36.07, 37.47)
g
38.24
(37.71, 38.77)
g
38.44
(36.88, 40)
h
34.45
(31.81, 37.08)
34.96
(31.15, 38.78)
33.84
(32.26, 35.42)
h
HC (cm)
102.31
(100.63, 104)
i
99.90
(98.62, 101.19)
i
105.44
(104.24, 106.64)
j
115.74
(107.84, 117.25)
110.03
(107.84, 112.23)
109.08
(107.87, 110.3)
j
Waist-to-height ratio
0.54
(0.46, 0.61)
k
0.59
(0.53, 0.65)
k
0.6
(0.57, 0.63)
0.57
(0.56, 0.85)
l
0.63
(0.61, 0.65)
l
0.56
(0.53, 0.6)
Glucose (mmol/l)
5.42
(4.72, 6.12)
m
6.34
(5.81,6.88)
m
6.14
(5.71, 6.57)
n
4.82
(4.30, 5.35)
o
6.13
(5.37,6.89)
o
5.11
(4.67, 5.55)
n
MA (mg/l)
9.55
(4.95, 14.15)
p
13.32
(9.75, 16.89)
p
11.79
(9.2, 14.38)
9.92
(7.19, 12.66)
10.05
(6.06, 14.05)
10.01
(7.4, 12.64)
SBP (mmHg)
142.74
(136.11, 149.37)
q
148.78
(143.52, 154.02)
q
147.56
(143.97, 151.15)
r
133.88
(130.37, 137.39)
s
140.89
(135.85, 145.93)
s
135.11
(131.54, 138.68)
r
DBP (mmHg)
84.63
(80.84, 88.42)
t
86.54
(83.84, 89.54)
t
86
(83.97, 88.03)
u
75.66
(73.74, 77.59)
v
80.05
(77.29, 82.81)
v
76.96
(74.94, 78.98)
u
Triglycerides (mmol/l)
1.58
(1.03, 2.14)
1.96
(1.53, 2.39)
1.77
(1.51, 2.03)
w
0.88
(0.72, 1.03)
x
1.33
(1.11, 1.55)
x
1.08
(0.82, 1.35)
w
HDL (mmol/l)
1.14
(1.02, 1.27)
0.99
(0.90, 1.09)
1.02
(0.95, 1.1)
y
1.2
(1.12, 1.28)
1.21
(1.09, 1.32)
1.24
(1.16, 1.31)
y
CI, confidence interval; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; NC, neck circumference; HC, hip circumfer-
ence; MA, microalbuminuria; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high-density lipoproteins. Data
in bold and with superscript letters were regarded as statistically significant when
p
≤
0.05.
