CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Vol 24, No 6, July 2013
212
AFRICA
9.
Ahmed ME. Blood pressure in a multiracial urban Sudanese commu-
nity.
J Hum Hypertens
1990;
4
(6): 621–624.
10. Wolf-Maier K, Cooper RS, Banegas JR,
et al
. Hypertension prevalence
and blood pressure levels in 6 European countries, Canada, and the
United States. J Am Med Assoc
2003;
289
(18): 2363–2369.
11. Coleman A, Freeman P, Steel S, Shennan A. Validation of the Omron
MX3 Plus oscillometric blood pressure monitoring device according
to the European Society of Hypertension international protocol.
Blood
Press Monit
2005;
10
(3): 165–168.
12. World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension
Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension 1999. Guidelines
Subcommittee.
J Hypertens
1999;
17
(2): 151–183.
13. Mensah GA. Refining strategies for the prevention and control of
hypertension and related complications.
Ethn Dis
1999;
9
(3): 327–332.
14. Wagner A, Sadoun A, Dallongeville J, Ferrieres J, Amouyel P, Ruidavets
JB,
et al
. High blood pressure prevalence and control in a middle-aged
French population and their associated factors: the MONA LISA study.
J Hypertens 2011;
29
(1): 43–50.
15. Malhotra R, Chan A, Malhotra C, Ostbye T. Prevalence, awareness,
treatment and control of hypertension in the elderly population of
Singapore.
Hypertens Res
2010;
33
(12): 1223–1231.
16. Sulbaran T, Silva E, Calmon G, Vegas A. Epidemiologic aspects of
arterial hypertension in Maracaibo, Venezuela.
J Hum Hypertens
2000;
14
(Suppl 1): S6–9.
17. Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, ,
et al
. Prevalence of hypertension in
the US adult population. Results from the Third National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1991.
Hypertension
1995;
25
(3):
305–313.
18. Francis CK. Hypertension, cardiac disease, and compliance in minority
patients.
Am J Med
1991;
91
(1A): 29S–36S.
19. Banegas JR, Rodriguez-Artalejo F,
et al
. Hypertension magnitude and
management in the elderly population of Spain.
J Hypertens
2002;
20
(11): 2157–2164.
20. Joshi V, Lim J, Nandkumar M. Prevalence and risk factors of undetected
elevated blood pressure in an elderly Southeast Asian population.
Asia
Pac J Public Health
2007;
19
(2): 3–9.
21. Nascente FM, Jardim PC, Peixoto MD,
et al
. Arterial hypertension and
its correlation with some risk factors in a small brazilian town.
Arq Bras
Cardiol
2010;
95
(4): 502–508.
22. Lunt DW, Edwards PR, Steyn K, Lombard CJ, Fehrsen GS. Hypertension
care at a Cape Town community health centre.
S Afr Med J
1998;
88
(5):
544–548.
23. Abu-Aisha H, ElhassanAM, KhamisAH, Abu-Elmaali A. Hypertension
and obesity in police forces households in Khartoum, Sudan: A pilot
report – part of the “Police Forces Hypertension, Diabetes, Renal
Insufficiency, and Thyroid Derangements (HyDRIT) Study”, Sudan).
Sudanese J Public Health
2008;
3
(1): 17–25.
24. Robles TF, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. The physiology of marriage: pathways to
health.
Physiol Behav
2003;
79
(3): 409–416.
25. Spruill TM. Chronic psychosocial stress and hypertension.
Curr
Hypertens Rep
2010;
12
(1): 10–16.
26. Enlund H, Nissinen A, Tuomilehto J: Antihypertensive drug treatment
in a middle-aged population.
Hypertension
1982;
4
(5): 716–724.
27. Marenberg ME, Risch N, Berkman LF, Floderus B, de Faire U. Genetic
susceptibility to death from coronary heart disease in a study of twins.
N Engl J Med
1994;
330
(15): 1041–1046.
28. El Zein AM, Bukhari EA, Homeida S, Adam I. Stroke in CT-scan
Department of Khartoum Hospital, Sudan.
Trop Doct
2007;
37
(4):
244-245.
29. Sokrab TE, Sid-Ahmed FM, Idris MN. Acute stroke type, risk factors,
and early outcome in a developing country: a view from Sudan using a
hospital-based sample.
J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis
2002;
11
(2): 63–65.
30. Hussain AA, Elzubier AG, Ahmed ME. Target organ involvement in
hypertensive patients in Eastern Sudan.
J Hum Hypertens
1999;
13
(1):
9–12.
31. McClellan WM, Hall WD, Brogan D, Miles C, Wilber JA: Continuity of
care in hypertension. An important correlate of blood pressure control
among aware hypertensives.
Arch Intern Med
1988;
148
(3): 525–528.
32. Heurtin-Roberts S, Reisin E. The relation of culturally influenced lay
models of hypertension to compliance with treatment.
Am J Hypertens
1992;
5
(11): 787–792.
33. Isezuo AS, Njoku CH. Blood pressure control among hypertensives
managed in a specialised health care setting in Nigeria.
Afr J Med Med
Sci
2003;
32
(1): 65–70.
34. Green BB, Cook AJ, Ralston JD,
et al
. Effectiveness of home blood
pressure monitoring, Web communication, and pharmacist care on
hypertension control: a randomized controlled trial.
J Am Med Assoc
2008;
299
(24): 2857–2867.
35. Khaw KT, Bingham S, Welch A,
et al
. Blood pressure and urinary
sodium in men and women: the Norfolk Cohort of the European
Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk).
Am J Clin Nutr
2004;
80
(5): 1397–1403.
36. Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pres-
sure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion.
Br
Med J
1988;
297
(6644): 319–328.
37. Olubodun JO, Akingbade OA, Abiola OO. Salt intake and blood pres-
sure in Nigerian hypertensive patients.
Int J Cardiol
1997;
59
(2):
185–188.
38. Halperin RO, Gaziano JM, Sesso HD. Smoking and the risk of incident
hypertension in middle-aged and older men.
Am J Hypertens
2008;
21
(2): 148–152.
39. Reid JL, Morton DJ, Wingard DL,
et al.
Sex and age differences in
the association of obesity and smoking with hypertension and type 2
diabetes in Southern California American Indians, 2002-2006.
Ethn Dis
2010;
20
(3): 231–238.
40. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A,
et al
. 2007 Guidelines for
the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the
Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of
Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
J Hypertens
2007;
25
(6): 1105–1187.
41. Materson BJ, Reda D, Freis ED, Henderson WG. Cigarette smoking
interferes with treatment of hypertension.
Arch Intern Med
1988;
148
(10): 2116–2119.
42. el Mahdi EM, Abdel Rahman Iel M, Mukhtar Sel D. Pattern of diabetes
mellitus in the Sudan.
Trop Geogr Med
1989;
41
(4): 353–357.
43. Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C, Heath CW, Jr. Body-mass
index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults.
N Engl J Med
1999;
341
(15): 1097–1105.
44. Sonne-Holm S, Sorensen TI, Jensen G, Schnohr P. Independent effects
of weight change and attained body weight on prevalence of arterial
hypertension in obese and non-obese men.
Br Med J
1989;
299
(6702):
767–770.
45. Isaksson H, Cederholm T, Jansson E, Nygren A, Ostergren J. Therapy-
resistant hypertension associated with central obesity, insulin resist-
ance, and large muscle fibre area.
Blood Press
1993;
2
(1): 46–52.
46. Modan M, Almog S, Fuchs Z, Chetrit A, Lusky A, Halkin H. Obesity,
glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, and response to antihypertensive
drugs.
Hypertension
1991;
17
(4): 565–573.
