23 / 68
CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 26, No 6, November/December 2015
AFRICA
221
Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the American Society of
Echocardiography.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr
2002;
15
: 167–184.
11. Ozer N, Yavuz B, Can I,
et al
. Doppler tissue evaluation of intraatrial
and interatrial electromechanical delay and comparison with P-wave
dispersion in patient with mitral stenosis.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr
2005;
18
: 945–948.
12. Aydin M, Ozeren A, Bilge M, Dursun A, Cam F, Elbey MA. Effects
of dipper and non-dipper status of essential hypertension on left atrial
mechanical functions.
Int J Cardiol
2004;
96
: 419–424.
13. Acar G, Akcay A, Sokmen A,
et al
. Assessment of atrial electrome-
chanical delay, diastolic functions, and left atrial mechanical functions
in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr
2009;
22
: 732–738.
14. Paradisi G, Steinberg HO, Hempfling A,
et al
. Polycystic ovary
syndrome is associated with endothelial dysfunction.
Circulation
2001;
103
: 1410–1415.
15. Kelly CJG, Speirs A, Gould GW, Petrie JR, Lyall H, Connell JM.
Altered vascular function in young women with polycystic ovary
syndrome.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab
2002;
87
: 742–746.
16. Yarali H, Yildirir A, Aybar F,
et al
. Diastolic dysfunction and increased
serum homocysteine concentrations may contribute to increased cardio-
vascular risk in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Fertility
Sterility
2001;
76
: 511–516.
17. Tiras MB, Yalcin R, Noyan V,
et al
. Alterations in cardiac flow param-
eters in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome.
Hum Reprod
1999;
14
: 1949–1952.
18. Selcoki Y, Yilmaz OC, Carlıoglu A,
et al
. Cardiac flow parameters with
conventional and pulsed tissue Doppler echocardiography imaging in
patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Gynecol Endocrinol
2010;
26
:
815–818.
19. Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA,
et al.
Prevalence of diagnosed atrial
fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management
and stroke prevention: AnTicoagulation and Risk factors in Atrial
Fibrillation (ATRIA) study.
J Am Med Assoc
2001;
285
: 2370–2375.
20. Stewart S, Hart CL, Hole DJ, McMurray JJ. A population based study
of the long term risks associated with atrial fibrillation: 20-year follow-
up of the Renfrew/Paisley Study.
Am J Med
2002;
113
: 359–364.
21. Vidaillet H, Granada JF, Chyou PH,
et al
. A population based study of
mortality among patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter.
Am J Med
2002;
113
: 365–370.
22. Surawicz B. Electrocardiocraphic diagnosis of chamber enlargement.
J
Am Coll Cardiol
1986;
8
: 711–724.
23. Chandraratna PA, Hodges M. Electrocardiographic evidence of left
atrial hypertension in myocardial infarction.
Circulation
1973;
47
:
493–498.
24. Josephson ME, Kastor JA, Morganroth J. Electrocardiographic left
atrial enlargement. Electrophysiologic, echocardiographic and hemody-
namic correlates.
Am J Cardiol
1977;
39
: 967–971.
25. Gialafos JE, Dilaveris PE, Gialafos JE,
et al
. P dispersion: a valuable
electrocardiographic marker for the prediction of paroxysmal lone atrial
fibrillation.
Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol
1999;
4
: 39–45.
26. Fioranelli M, Piccoli M, Mileto GM,
et al
. Analysis of heart rate vari-
ability five minutes before the onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
1999;
22
: 743–749.
27. Herweg B, Dalal P, Nagy B, Schwatzer P. Power spectral analysis of
heart period variability of preceding sinus rhythm before initiation of
paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
Am J Cardiol
1998;
82
: 869–874.
28. Rossi A, Zardini P, Marino P. Modulation of left atrial function by
ventricular filling impairment.
Heart Fail Rev
2000;
5
: 325–331.
29. Kosmala W, O’Moore-Sullivan TM, Plaksej R, Kuliczkowska-Plaksej J,
Przewlocka-Kosmala M, Marwick TH. Subclinical impairment of left
ventricular function in young obese women: contributions of polycystic
ovary disease and insulin resistance.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab
2008;
93
:
3748–3754.
30. Meyer C, McGrath BP, Teede HJ. Overweight women with polycystic
ovary syndrome have evidence of subclinical cardiovascular disease.
J
Clin Endocrinol Metab
2005;
90
: 5711–5716.
31. Turhan H, Yetkin E, Sahin O,
et al
. Comparison of P-wave duration
and dispersion in patients aged
≥
65 years with those aged ≤ 45 years.
J
Electrocardiol
2003;
36
: 321–326.