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CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 30, No 4, July/August 2019
232
AFRICA
men than in lean men, whereas C16:0, C18:3n-6 and MUFAs,
C16:1n-7,
cis
-vaccenic acid (C18:1n-7), oleic acid (C18:1n-9) and
gondoic acid (C20:1n-9) were higher in lean than in overweight
men. Although significant differences were observed for these
FAs between overweight and lean groups in men, most had a
small effect size of approximately 0.30 to 0.40.
Plasma levels of similar SFAs, i.e. C18:0, C20:0, C22:0 and
C24:0, as well as nervonic acid (C24:1n-9), docosahexaenoic
acid (C22:6n-3), C20:3n-6, arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) and
docosadienoic acid (C22:2-n6) were higher in overweight women
than in their lean counterparts. Similar MUFAs, i.e. C16:1n-7,
C18:1n-7, C18:1n-9 and C20:1n-9, but also mead acid, were
Table 3. Factor loadings for dietary and plasma phospholipid fatty acids
Dietary fatty acid patterns
a
Dietary fatty acids
Non-marine
(
λ
1
=
60%)
b
Marine
(
λ
2
=
29%)
Saturated fatty acids
Myristic acid (C14:0)
0.78
0.10
Palmitic acid (C16:0)
0.97
0.22
Stearic acid (C18:0)
0.94
0.21
Behenic acid (C22:0)
0.67
0.29
Mono-unsaturated fatty acids
Palmitoleic acid (C16:1n-7)
0.89
0.28
Oleic acid (C18:1n-9)
0.95
0.23
n-3 fatty acids
α
-Linolenic acid (C18:3n-3)
0.89
0.22
Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3)
0.21
0.96
Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3)
0.23
0.96
n-6 fatty acids
Linoleic acid (C18:2n-6)
0.80
0.31
Arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6)
0.70
0.48
The Kaiser’s measure of sampling adequacy = 0.0.84
Plasma phospholipid fatty acid patterns
c
High-Satfat
n-3 VLC-PUFA
High-LA
n-6 VLC-PUFA
n-9 LC-MUFA
n-3 EFA
Plasma phospholipid fatty acids
(
λ
1
=
24%)
(
λ
2
=
11%)
(
λ
3
=
11%)
(
λ
4
=
10%)
(
λ
5
=
10%)
(
λ
6
=
7%)
Saturated fatty acids
Myristic acid (C14:0)
–0.13
–0.28
–0.06
–0.06
–0.56
0.01
Palmitic acid (C16:0)
–0.10
–0.54
–0.47
–0.40
–0.34
–0.05
Stearic acid (C18:0)
0.80
–0.21
–0.04
0.08
–0.04
–0.16
Arachidic acid (C20:0)
0.86
–0.08
0.01
–0.04
0.36
–0.08
Behenic acid (C22:0)
0.92
–0.03
0.06
–0.07
0.24
–0.07
Lignoceric acid (C24:0)
0.81
–0.19
–0.01
–0.06
0.34
0.10
Mono-unsaturated fatty acids
Palmitoleic acid (C16:1n-7)
–0.84
–0.13
–0.25
0.08
-0.12
0.23
Cis
-vaccenic acid (C18:1n-7)
–0.73
0.10
0.16
0.08
0.40
–0.20
Oleic acid (C18:1n-9)
–0.82
–0.15
–0.26
0.11
-0.01
0.35
Elaidic acid (C18:1n9t)
0.44
–0.58
–0.25
–0.04
0.09
–0.02
Gondoic acid (C20:1n-9)
–0.17
–0.07
0.52
–0.05
0.54
–0.13
Erucic acid (C22:1n-9)
0.35
–0.01
0.05
0.22
0.42
–0.05
Nervonic acid (C24:1n-9)
0.16
0.09
0.07
–0.01
0.85
–0.04
n-3 fatty acids
α
-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3)
–0.23
0.02
0.28
–0.15
–0.09
0.71
Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3)
–0.37
0.57
–0.25
–0.32
–0.01
0.42
Docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5n-3)
–0.08
0.71
–0.01
0.12
0.15
0.27
Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3)
0.05
0.79
0.25
–0.08
0.08
–0.24
n-6 and n-9 fatty acids
Linoleic acid (C18:2n-6)
0.08
0.31
0.80
–0.10
0.05
0.16
γ
-linolenic acid (C18:3n-6)
–0.41
–0.08
–0.17
0.27
–0.37
0.49
Eicosadienoic acid (C20:2n-6)
0.09
0.06
0.82
0.30
0.15
0.13
Dihomo-
γ
-linolenic acid (C20:3n-6)
0.00
0.29
0.14
0.65
–0.06
0.30
Arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6)
0.04
0.66
0.12
0.42
0.24
–0.31
Docosadienoic acid (C22:2-n6)
0.44
0.08
0.47
–0.06
0.45
–0.24
Adrenic acid (C22:4n-6)
–0.13
0.02
0.03
0.83
0.08
0.01
Osbond acid (C22:5n-6)
–0.12
–0.04
–0.09
0.82
0.01
–0.32
Mead acid (C20:3n-9)
–0.58
–0.15
–0.53
0.32
0.05
0.28
The Kaiser’s measure of sampling adequacy
=
0.78
a
Fatty acid patterns derived from dietary fatty acids.
b
Variance explained by the single factor.
c
Fatty acid patterns derived from plasma phospholipids.
High-Satfat, saturated fatty acid pattern; n-3 VLC-PUFA, n-3 very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid pattern; high-LA, high linoleic acid pattern; n-6 VLC-PUFA,
n-6 very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid pattern; n-9 LC-MUFA, n-9 long-chain mono-unsaturated fatty acid pattern; n-3 EFA, n-3 essential fatty acid pattern.