Cardiovascular Journal of Africa: Vol 30 No 6 (November/December 2019)

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CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 30, No 6, November/December 2019 324 AFRICA
Table 2. Comparison of cardiometabolic risk factors between mixed-ancestry men and women, and pre- and post-menopausal women
Men Women Men vs women Women
Pre- vs post-meno-
pausal women
Risk factors n Total sample n Total sample p-value n 20–49 years n ≥ 50 years p-value
SBP (mmHg) 46 128.5 ± 22.5 207 127.2 ± 20.6 0.894 75 116.6 ± 19.0 132 133.3 ± 19.1 < 0.001
DBP (mmHg) 46 81.9 ± 12.9 207 82.6 ± 11.6 0.472 75 81.3 ± 12.0 132 83.4 ± 11.4 0.228
Fasting glucose (mmol/l) 46 5.1 (4.6–5.8) 205 5.1 (4.7–6.0) 0.550 74 4.8 (4.5–5.5) 131 5.3 (4.8–6.3) 0.001
2-h glucose (mmol/l) 35 5.8 (4.5–7.5) 170 6.6 (5.5–8.0) 0.017 63 6.3 (5.0–7.1) 107 7.1 (5.7–8.2) 0.010
Fasting insulin (mIU/l) 46 6.7 (3.8–13.2) 205 8.4 (5.6–12.6) 0.085 74 8.5 (5.9–14.6) 131 8.4 (5.3–12.1) 0.362
HOMA-IR 46 1.6 (0.9–3.3) 204 2.1 (1.2–3.6) 0.085 73 2.0 (1.3–4.2) 131 2.1 (1.2–3.5) 0.940
TG (mmol/l) 46 1.5 (1.0–1.9) 205 1.4 (0.1–2.0) 0.665 74 1.2 (0.8–1.8) 131 1.5 (1.1–2.1) 0.008
TC (mmol/l) 46 5.1 ± 1.3 205 5.4 ± 1.2 0.208 74 5.2 ± 1.1 131 5.5 ± 1.1 0.017
LDL-C (mmol/l) 42 3.1 (2.3–3.9) 201 3.2 (2.7–4.1) 0.385 72 3.3 (2.6–4.0) 129 3.2 (2.7–4.1) 0.527
HDL-C (mmol/l) 46 1.1 (0.9–1.3) 205 1.3 (1.1–1.5) < 0.001 74 1.2 (1.0–1.3) 131 1.3 (1.1–1.5) < 0.001
hsCRP (mg/l) 39 2.8 (1.6–5.5) 152 3.3 (1.7–5.7) 0.467 58 2.8 (1.3–6.6) 94 3.3 (1.8–5.7) 0.508
Glucose tolerance categories
NGT, n/% 29 63.1 118 57.3 50 66.7 68 51.9
IGT/IFG, n/% 3 6.5 33 16.0 9 12.0 24 18.3
Diabetes, n/% 14 30.4 55 26.7 0.249 16 21.3 39 29.8 0.166
Values presented as means ± standard deviations (SD), median and 25–75th percentiles or %. SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HOMA-IR,
homeostasis model for insulin resistance; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol;
hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; IFG, impaired fasting glucose.
Table 3. Associations between body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in the whole sample,adjusted for gender and age
Age and gender SBP DBP
Fasting
glucose 2-h glucose Fasting insulin HOMA-IR TG TC
LDL-
C
HDL-
C hsCRP
R2 0.23 0.03 0.07 0.08 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.01
FM (kg)
β (95% CI) 0.053
(–0.14 to 0.24)
0.142*
(0.02 to 0.27)
0.01**
(0.00 to 0.01)
0.03**#
(0.01 to 0.05)
0.17**#
(0.13 to 0.22)
0.04**#
(0.03 to 0.05)
0.01**
(0.00 to 0.02)
0.01
(–0.00 to 0.02)
0.01
(–0.00 to 0.02)
–0.01**
(–0.01to 0.00)
0.09**
(0.06 to 0.12)
R2 0.23 0.04 0.09 0.11 0.20 0.20 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.08 0.13
FM (%)
β (95% CI) 0.02
(–0.29 to 0.33)
0.26*
(0.05 to 0.46)
0.15*
(0.00 to 0.02)
0.05**
(0.02 to 0.09
0.27**
(0.20 to 0.34)
0.06**
(0.05 to 0.08)
0.01*
(0.00 to 0.03)
0.03**
(0.01 to 0.05)
0.02*
(0.00 to 0.04)
–0.00
(–0.00 to 0.00
0.16**
(0.09 to 0.24)
R2 0.23 0.05 0.10 0.13 0.21 0.21 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.10 0.13
Trunk fat (%FM)
β (95% CI) 0.38
(–0.00 to 0.77)
0.54**
(0.30 to 0.79)
0.01**
(0.00 to 0.03)
0.08**
(0.04 to 0.12)
0.26**
(0.15 to 0.37)
0.06**
(0.03 to 0.08)
0.04**à
(0.30 to 0.06)
0.02
(–0.00 to 0.48)
0.01
(–0.01 to 0.03)
–0.02**
(–0.02 to –0.01)
0.11**
(0.04 to 0.18)
R2 0.24 0.10 0.09 0.13 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.04 0.01 0.12 0.06
Arm fat (%FM)
β (95% CI) 1.19*
(0.01 to 2.36)
1.12**
(0.34 to 1.90)
0.01
(–0.03 to 0.05)
0.04
(–0.10 to 0.18)
0.40*
(0.03 to 0.76)
0.09**#
(0.01 to 0.18)
0.04
(–0.10 to 0.09)
–0.00
(–0.08 to 0.08)
0.01
(–0.06 to 0.08)
–0.03**
(–0.05 to –0.01)
0.19
(–0.02 to 0.41)
R2 0.24 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.08 0.02
Leg fat (%FM)
β (95% CI) –0.43*
(–0.79 to –0.08)
–0.56**
(–0.79 to –0.34)
–0.01**
(–0.03 to –0.00)
–0.06**
(–0.10 to –0.03)
–0.25**
(–0.36 to –0.15)
–0.06**
(–0.08 to –0.03)
–0.04**à
(–0.05 to –0.03)
–0.02
(–0.04 to 0.00)
–0.01
(–0.03 to 0.01)
0.02**
(0.01 to 0.02)
–0.11**
(–0.17 to –0.05)
R2 0.24 0.12 0.09 0.13 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.03 0.01 0.14 0.07
Android fat (%FM)
β (95% CI) 0.46
(–0.91 to 1.82)
1.74**
(0.87 to 2.62)
0.08**
(0.04 to 0.13)
0.29**
(0.14 to 0.42)
1.01**
(0.65 to 1.39)
0.24**
(0.15 to 0.32)
0.13**à
(0.08 to 0.18)
0.10*
(0.01 to 0.19)
0.06
(–0.02 to 1.43)
–0.05**
(–0.07 to –0.03)
0.59**
(0.35 to 0.82)
R2 0.23 0.08 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.13 0.10 0.04 0.01 0.11 0.11
Gynoid fat (%FM)
β (95% CI) –1.12**
(–1.93 to –0.31)
–1.13**
(–1.66 to –0.60)
–0.03**
(–0.06 to –0.00)
–0.15**
(–0.23 to –0.06)
–0.70**
(–0.91 to –0.47)
–0.17**
(–0.22 to –0.11)
–0.10**à
(–0.13 to –0.07)
–0.04
(–0.09 to 0.02)
–0.01
(–0.06 to 0.04)
0.03**
(0.02 to 0.05)
–0.25**
(–0.40 to –0.10)
R2 0.25 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.12 0.03 0.01 0.11 0.06
VAT (cm2 )
β (95% CI) 0.02
(–0.01 to 0.05)
0.03**
(0.01 to 0.05)
0.00**
(0.00 to 0.00)
0.01**
(0.00 to 0.01)
0.04**
(0.03 to 0.05)
0.01**
(0.01 to 0.01)
0.00**à
(0.00 to 0.00)
0.00
(–0.00 to 0.00)
0.00
(–0.00 to 0.00)
–0.00**
(–0.00 to –0.00)
0.01**
(0.01 to 0.02)
R2 0.23 0.07 0.12 0.16 0.29 0.27 0.09 0.03 0.01 0.12 0.14
SAT (cm2)
β (95% CI) 0.01
(–0.01 to 0.02)
0.02**
(0.01 to 0.03)
0.00**
(0.00 to 0.00)
0.00**#
(0.00 to 0.00)
0.01**#
(0.01 to 0.02)
0.00**#
(0.00 to 0.00)
0.00**
(0.00 to 0.00)
0.00*
(0.00 to 0.00)
0.00
(–0.00 to 0.00)
–0.00**
(–0.00 to –0.00)
0.01**
(0.01 to –0.01)
R2 0.23 0.06 0.11 0.12 0.19 0.20 0.06 0.05 0.02 0.09 0.15
Diabetic participants were excluded from insulin-sensitivity measurements. Beta coefficients, confidence intervals, total R2 for: %FM, expressed as a percentage of sub-total fat mass
(FM). HOMA-IR, homeostasis model for insulin resistance; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein choles-
terol; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue.
*p< 0.05, **p < 0.01, #significant in men, àsignificant in women