Cardiovascular Journal of Africa: Vol 28 No 3 (May/June 2017)

CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 28, No 3, May/June 2017

AFRICA

149

Nigeria (28.4%), while overall obesity was highest in Cameroon

(53.6%) and lowest in Madagascar (10.0%) (

0.001). Details of

the cardiometabolic risk factors across the countries are shown

in Table 2.

When participants were assessed according to their hyperten-

sion status (Table 3), diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolaemia

were more common among participants with hypertension (17.7

vs 10.0%;

0.010 and 25.8 vs 18.0%;

0.008, respectively)

than in normotensives. With regard to WC, 73.4% of women

had a WC

88 cm, most (79.4%) of whom were hypertensive,

opposed to 67.7% who were non-hypertensive (

0.004).

This difference was not statistically significant among the men.

Overall, participants with hypertension were more likely to be

overweight (33.2 vs 30.5%) and obese (42.5 vs 16.8%) (

0.001),

but reported lower smoking rates (15.0 vs 24.1%;

0.002).

Hypertensionand smokingweremore prevalent inparticipants

with diabetes (83.3 vs 71.9%;

0.010 and 19.7 vs 17.9%;

0.019, respectively). The distribution of other risk factors,

Table 1. General characteristics and overall profile of study population

Cameroon (

154) 17.9% Nigeria (

211) 25.9%

DRC (

239) 28.1% Madagascar (

240) 28.1%

Total (

844)

Variables

Male

(

54)

Female

(

100)

-value

Male

(

87)

Female

(

124)

-value

Male

(

116)

Female

(

123)

-value

Male

(

103)

Female

(

137)

-value

Male

(

360)

(42.6%)

Female

(

484)

(57.4%)

Total

(

844)

-value

Age (years)

51.5

9.7 56.4

11.2 0.009 50.3

13.2 48.8

11.3 0.369 56.7

11.2 55.7

12.9 0.532 51.4

10.0 49.5

9.9 0.147 52.8

11.5 52.3

11.8 52.6

11.7 0.512

BMI (kg/m

)

29.7

3.8 31.1

6.7 0.184 28.6

6.1 31.2

6.4 0.003 27.7

6.8 30.4

6.2 0.002 25.1

4.0 25.0

3.9 0.930 27.5

5.8 29.3

6.4 28.5

6.1 0.000

BMI category,

(%)

Normal

06 (11.1)

22 (22.0)

29 (33.4)

21 (16.8)

39 (33.6)

25 (20.4)

53 (51.4)

69 (50.4)

127 (35.3) 137 (28.3) 264 (31.3)

Overweight

22 (40.7)

23 (23.0) 0.005 27 (31.0)

32 (25.8) 0.007 38 (32.8)

37 (30.1) 0.005 40 (38.8)

54 (39.4) 0.983 127 (35.3) 146 (30.2) 273 (32.3) 0.000

Obese

26 (48.2)

43 (43.0)

28 (32.2)

59 (47.7)

38 (32.8)

50 (40.6)

10 (9.7)

14 (10.2)

102 (28.3) 166 (34.3) 268 (31.8)

Morbidly obese 00 (0.0)

12 (12.0)

03 (3.4)

12 (9.7)

01 (0.8)

11 (8.9)

00 (0.0)

04(1.1)

35 (7.2)

39 (4.6)

WC (cm)

101.2

12.8 102.7

16.1 0.559 91.2

11.5 97.4

15.4 0.001 97.7

17.9 99.9

14.5 0.279 91.2

11.2 88.4

10.5 0.049 94.8

14.5 96.6

15.1 95.8

14.8 0.071

HC (cm)

104.5

12.3 109.4

19.8 0.101 96.8

12.6 106.2

18.2 0.000 101.1

10.0 110.6

14.6 0.000 97.8

7.5 99.4

9.1 0.155 99.6

10.8 106.1

16.2 103.2

14.5 0.000

SBP (mmHg)

168.5

17.4 167.9

17.8 0.855 138.8

24.8 140.4

25.7 0.656 163.6

15.8 166.4

21.2 0.260 132.3

22.7 128.7

23.1 0.231 149.5

25.5 149.5

27.9 149.3

26.9 0.981

DBP (mmHg)

102.9

11.4 100.4

12.2 0.221 84.8

11.8 86.2

14.4 0.462 98.2

11.5 96.4

11.3 0.248 84.8

13.9 82.2

15.2 0.183 91.9

14.4 90.6

15.3 91.1

14.9 0.239

History of HTN,

(%)

Yes

01 (1.9)

05 (5.1) 0.423 50 (57.5)

82 (66.1) 0.248 81 (69.8)

93 (75.6) 0.383 38 (36.9)

55 (40.1) 0.688 170 (47.2) 235 (48.8) 405 (48.1) 0.729

53 (98.1)

93 (94.9)

37 (42.5)

42 (33.9)

35 (30.2)

30 (24.4)

65 (63.1)

82 (59.9)

190 (52.8) 247 (51.2) 437 (51.9)

History of DM,

(%)

Yes

06 (11.1)

09 (9.1) 0.778 10 (11.9)

12 (9.7) 0.820 11 (9.6)

14 (11.5) 0.677 06 (5.9)

02 (1.5) 0.077 33(9.3)

37(7.8)

70 (8.4)

0.452

48 (88.9)

90 (90.9)

74 (88.1) 104 (90.3)

104 (90.4) 108 (88.5)

97 (94.1) 135 (98.5)

323(90.7) 437(92.2) 760 (91.6)

FBS (mmol/l)

6.2

2.8 6.6

7.6 0.685 6.2

2.9 5.8

4.1 0.979 5.4

1.8 5.1

1.6 0.084 5.9

2.0 5.5

1.6 0.122 5.8

2.3 5.7

4.2 5.8

3.5 0.798

Lipid profile

TG (mmol/l)

2.4

10.0 0.9

0.5 0.144 6.8

5.8 5.8

4.1 0.173 1.1

0.6 1.0

0.4 0.266 2.1

1.4 1.4

0.8 0.000 2.9

5.3 2.2

2.8 2.5

4.1 0.019

HDL-C

(mmol/l)

1.2

0.5 1.3

0.7 0.560 2.6

1.1 2.9

1.2 0.075 1.2

0.3 1.4

0.5 0.000 1.3

0.6 1.5

0.3 0.052 1.6

0.9 1.8

0.9 1.7

0.9 0.004

LDL-C

(mmol/l)

2.8

0.8 2.5

0.8 0.027 6.1

3.3 6.5

3.4 0.412 2.8

1.2 2.9

1.2 0.349 2.5

0.8 2.7

0.9 0.085 3.4

2.3 3.6

2.4 3.5

2.4 0.436

TC (mmol/l)

4.4

0.9 4.2

0.9 0.317 8.8

4.5 9.2

4.8 0.549 4.5

0.9 4.7

1.1 0.154 4.8

0.9 4.9

1.1 0.360 5.5

2.8 5.7

3.0 5.6

3.0 0.471

Creatinine

(

mol/l)

108.6

35.4 99.2

40.4 0.153 56.2

21.2 54.5

28.4 0.658 107.2

43.1 84.9

22.1 0.000 88.8

17.2 66.4

11.4 0.000 90.8

37.3 75.7

31.1 82.1

34.6 0.000

Uric acid (

mol/l) 384.6

84.2 298.6

119.9

0.000 300.7

275.4

264.5

242.1

0.350 405.3

109.5

354.7

100.1

0.000 340.6

90.3 249.9

67.9 0.000 295.0

178.5

233.2

154.1

259.3

168.0

0.000

Alcohol intake,

(%)

Low–moderate 22 (46.8)

49 (75.3) 0.003

–

– 52 (70.3)

45 (91.8) 0.006 38 (76.0) 20 (100.0) 0.014 114 (65.9) 115 (85.1) 229 (74.4) 0.000

Excessive

25 (53.2)

16 (24.7)

22 (29.7)

04 (8.2)

12 (34.0)

00 (0.0)

59 (34.1)

20 (14.9)

79 (25.6)

Tobacco use,

(%)

Current

05 (9.3)

05 (5.1) 0.004 04 (4.6)

00 (0.0) 0.000 10 (8.7)

01 (0.8) 0.000 26 (25.2)

22 (16.1) 0.007 45 (12.5)

28 (5.7)

73 (8.7)

0.000

Former

08 (14.8)

02 (2.0)

17 (19.7)

00 (0.0)

14 (12.2)

01 (0.8)

19 (18.4)

12 (8.7)

58 (16.1)

15 (3.1)

73 (8.7)

Never

41 (75.9)

92 (92.9)

65 (75.7) 122 (100.0)

91 (79.1) 121 (98.4)

58 (56.3) 103 (75.2)

255 (71.4) 438 (91.2) 693 (82.6)

Employment,

(%)

Unemployed

0 (0.0)

14 (14.3)

01 (1.1)

06 (4.5)

12 (10.4)

16 (13.0)

02 (1.9)

06 (4.4)

15(4.1)

42(8.6)

57 (6.8)

Full time

24 (44.4)

22 (22.4)

22 (24.4)

44 (35.3)

60 (51.7)

18 (14.6)

52 (50.5)

71 (51.8)

158(43.5) 155(31.8) 313 (37.2) 0.000

Part time

05 (9.3)

02 (2.0) 0.000 03 (3.3)

01 (0.8) 0.010 01 (0.8)

00 (0.0) 0.000 07 (6.8)

06 (4.4) 0.001 16(4.4)

09(1.9)

25 (2.9)

Self-employed 13 (24.1)

09 (9.3)

46 (53.4)

50 (40.1)

24 (20.7)

18 (14.6)

29 (28.2)

24 (17.5)

112 (31.4) 101(21.4) 213 (25.3)

Housewife

00 (0.0)

44 (44.9)

00 (0.0)

09 (7.2)

00 (0.0)

63 (51.2)

00 (0.0)

19 (13.8)

01 (0.3)

135(27.8) 136 (16.2)

Retired

12 (22.2)

07 (7.1)

15 (17.8)

15 (12.1)

19 (16.4)

08 (6.5)

13 (12.6)

11 (8.0)

58 (16.3)

40(8.5)

98 (11.6)

Education,

(%)

None

01 (1.9)

15 (15.3)

01 (2.2)

11 (8.9)

02 (1.7)

18 (14.6)

00 (0.0)

01 (0.7)

04 (1.2)

45 (9.4)

49 (5.8)

Primary school

12 (22.2)

38 (38.7) 0.000 54 (61.1)

70 (56.9) 0.113 05 (4.3)

31 (25.2) 0.000 11 (10.7)

12 (8.8) 0.024 82 (22.8) 151 (31.4) 233 (27.7) 0.000

High school

18 (33.3)

25 (25.5)

09 (10.0)

14 (11.4)

40 (34.5)

42 (34.1)

19 (18.4)

51 (37.2)

86 (23.8) 132 (27.4) 218 (25.9)

Diploma

08 (14.8)

15 (15.3)

00 (0.0)

26 (22.4)

18 (14.6)

25 (24.3)

27 (19.7)

59 (16.4)

60 (12.5) 119 (14.1)

Degree

15 (27.8)

05 (5.2)

23 (26.7)

28 (22.8)

43 (37.1)

14 (11.4)

48 (46.6)

46 (33.6)

129 (35.8) 93 (19.3) 222 (26.5)

Residence,

(%)

Urban

47 (87.0)

81 (82.6) 0.643 45 (51.7)

70 (56.9) 0.484 113 (97.4) 120 (97.5) 0.942 71 (68.9) 100 (72.9) 0.565 276 (76.6) 371 (77.1) 647 (76.9) 0.988

Semi-urban

07 (13.0)

17 (17.4)

42 (48.3)

53 (43.1)

03 (2.6)

03 (2.5)

32 (31.1)

37 (27.1)

84 (23.4) 110 (22.9) 194 (23.1)

BMI

body mass index; WC

waist circumference; HC

hip circumference; SBP

systolic blood pressure; DBP

diastolic blood pressure; DM

diabetes mellitus; HTN

hypertension; FBS

fasting

blood sugar; TG

triglycerides; HDL-C

high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C

low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC

total cholesterol; DRC

Democratic Republic of Congo;

-values are for comparison between gender among participating countries.