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CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 28, No 4, July/August 2017

210

AFRICA

Echocardiographic images of EMF were divided into

the following subgroups: images of basic echocardiographic

features (covered in Figs 1–3), images of additional

echocardiographic details (shown in Fig. 4) and images of

new echocardiographic features (shown and described in Figs

5 and 6).

Fig. 1.

Basic echocardiographic features of left ventricular EMF. A and B, apical four-chamber view. The huge left atrium with apical

and LV wall fibrosis, obliterated LV and mitral regurgitation (MR) (B), are the characteristic features of left ventricular EMF.

A

B

Fig. 2.

Basic echocardiographic features of advanced left ventricular EMF. Images from a 42-year-old female who presented with

intractable heart failure. A is a subcostal view showing the typically huge left atrium occupying half the cardiac size. B is an

AP four-chamber view showing apical fibrosis extending to the septum and ventricular walls, leading to severe obliteration

of the left ventricular cavity.

A

B