CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 32, No 2, March/April 2021
106
AFRICA
3.
Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams Jr HP, Bruno A, Connors JJ, Demaerschalk
BM,
et al
. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute
ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the
American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.
Stroke
2013;
44
(3): 870–947.
4.
Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic thera-
py to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation
.
Ann Int Med
2007;
146
(12): 857–867.
5.
Page RL, Wilkinson WE, Clair WK, McCarthy EA, Pritchett EL.
Asymptomatic arrhythmias in patients with symptomatic paroxys-
mal atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.
Circulation
1994;
89
(1): 224–227.
6.
Boriani G, Laroche C, Diemberger I, Fantecchi E, Popescu MI,
Rasmussen LH,
et al
. Asymptomatic atrial fibrillation: clinical corre-
lates, management, and outcomes in the EORP-AF Pilot General
Registry.
Am J Med
2015;
128
(5): 509–518.
7.
Quirino G, Giammaria M, Corbucci G, Pistelli P, Turri E, Mazza A,
et
al
. Diagnosis of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with implanted
pacemakers: relationship to symptoms and other variables
. Pacing Clin
Electrophysiol
2009;
32
(1): 91–98.
8.
Israel CW, Grönefeld G, Ehrlich JR, Li YG, Hohnloser SH. Long-term
risk of recurrent atrial fibrillation as documented by an implantable
monitoring device: implications for optimal patient care.
J Am Coll
Cardiol
2004;
43
(1): 47–52.
9.
Lopes RD, Alings M, Connolly SJ, Beresh H, Granger CB, Mazuecos
JB,
et al
. Rationale and design of the apixaban for the reduction of
thrombo-embolism in patients with device-detected sub-clinical atrial
fibrillation (ARTESiA) trial.
Am Heart J
2017;
189
: 137–145.
10. Kirchhof P, Blank BF, Calvert M, Camm AJ, Chlouverakis G, Diener
HC,
et al
. Probing oral anticoagulation in patients with atrial high rate
episodes: Rationale and design of the Non-vitamin K antagonist Oral
anticoagulants in patients with Atrial High rate episodes (NOAH–
AFNET 6) trial.
Am Heart J
2017;
190
: 12–18.
11. Diederichsen SZ, Haugan KJ, Køber L, Højberg S, Brandes A,
Kronborg C,
et al
. Atrial fibrillation detected by continuous electrocar-
diographic monitoring using implantable loop recorder to prevent stroke
in individuals at risk (the LOOP study): rationale and design of a large
randomized controlled trial.
Am Heart J
2017;
187
: 122–132.
12. Gorenek B, Bax J, Boriani G, Chen SA, Dagres N, Glotzer TV,
et al
. Device-detected subclinical atrial tachyarrhythmias: defini-
tion, implications and management – an European Heart Rhythm
Association (EHRA) consensus document, endorsed by Heart Rhythm
Society (HRS), Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS) and
Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulación Cardíaca y Electrofisiología
(SOLEACE).
Ep Europace
2017;
19
(9): 1556–1578.
13. Glotzer TV, Daoud EG, Wyse DG, Singer DE, Ezekowitz MD, Hilker
C,
et al
. The relationship between daily atrial tachyarrhythmia burden
from implantable device diagnostics and stroke risk: the TRENDS
study.
Circulation: Arrhyth Electrophysiol
2009;
2
(5): 474–480.
14. Vanassche T, Lauw MN, Eikelboom JW, Healey JS, Hart RG, Alings
M,
et al
. Risk of ischaemic stroke according to pattern of atrial fibril-
lation: analysis of 6563 aspirin-treated patients in ACTIVE-A and
AVERROES.
Eur Heart J
2015;
36
(5): 281–288.
15. Daoud EG, Glotzer TV, Wyse DG, Ezekowitz MD, Hilker C, Koehler
J,
et al
, TRENDS investigators. Temporal relationship of atrial tachyar-
rhythmias, cerebrovascular events, and systemic emboli based on stored
device data: a subgroup analysis of TRENDS.
Heart Rhythm
2011;
8
(9):
1416–1423.
16. Brambatti M, Connolly SJ, Gold MR, Morillo CA, Capucci A, Muto
C,
et al
. Temporal relationship between subclinical atrial fibrillation and
embolic events.
Circulation
2014;
129
(21): 2094–2099.
17. Kaufman ES, Israel CW, Nair GM, Armaganijan L, Divakaramenon
S, Mairesse GH,
et al
. Positive predictive value of device-detected atrial
high-rate episodes at different rates and durations: an analysis from
ASSERT.
Heart Rhythm
2012;
9
(8): 1241–1246.
18. Glotzer TV, Hellkamp AS, Zimmerman J, Sweeney MO, Yee R,
Marinchak R,
et al
. Atrial high rate episodes detected by pacemaker
diagnostics predict death and stroke: report of the Atrial Diagnostics
Ancillary Study of the MOde Selection Trial (MOST).
Circulation
2003;
107
(12): 1614–1619.
19. Orlov MV, Ghali JK, Araghi‐Niknam MO, Sherfesee L, Sahr D,
Hettrick DA, Atrial High Rate Trial Investigators. Asymptomatic atrial
fibrillation in pacemaker recipients: incidence, progression, and deter-
minants based on the atrial high rate trial.
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
2007;
30
(3): 404–411.
20. Healey JS, Martin JL, Duncan A, Connolly SJ, Ha AH, Morillo CA,
et
al
. Pacemaker-detected atrial fibrillation in patients with pacemakers:
prevalence, predictors, and current use of oral anticoagulation.
Can J
Cardiol
2013;
29
(2): 224–228.
21. Turakhia MP, Ziegler PD, Schmitt SK, Chang Y, Fan J, Than CT,
et al
. Atrial fibrillation burden and short-term risk of stroke: case-
crossover analysis of continuously recorded heart rhythm from cardiac
electronic implanted devices.
Circulation Arrhyth Electrophysiol
2015;
8
(5): 1040–1047.
22. Swiryn S, Orlov MV, Benditt DG, DiMarco JP, Lloyd-Jones DM, Karst
E,
et al
. Clinical implications of brief device-detected atrial tachyar-
rhythmias in a cardiac rhythm management device population: results
from the registry of atrial tachycardia and atrial fibrillation episodes.
Circulation
2016;
134
(16): 1130–1140.
23. Cheung JW, Keating RJ, Stein KM, Markowitz SM, Iwai S, Shah BK,
et
al
. Newly detected atrial fibrillation following dual chamber pacemaker
implantation.
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol
2006;
17
(12): 1323–1328.
24. Ziegler PD, Glotzer TV, Daoud EG, Singer DE, Ezekowitz MD, Hoyt
RH,
et al
. Detection of previously undiagnosed atrial fibrillation in
patients with stroke risk factors and usefulness of continuous monitor-
ing in primary stroke prevention.
Am J Cardiol
2012;
110
(9): 1309–1314.
25. Li YG, Miyazawa K, Pastori D, Szekely O, Shahid F, Lip GY. Atrial
high-rate episodes and thromboembolism in patients without atrial
fibrillation: The West Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Project.
Int J
Cardiol
2019;
292
: 126–130.
26. Hesselson AB, Parsonnet V, Bernstein AD, Bonavita GJ. Deleterious
effects of long-term single-chamber ventricular pacing in patients with
sick sinus syndrome: the hidden benefits of dual-chamber pacing.
J Am
Coll Cardiol
1992;
19
(7): 1542–1549.
27. Lamas GA, Lee KL, Sweeney MO, Silverman R, Leon A, Yee R,
et al
.
Ventricular pacing or dual-chamber pacing for sinus-node dysfunction.
N Engl J Med
2002;
346
(24): 1854–1862.
28. Kerr CR, Connolly SJ, Abdollah H, Roberts RS, Gent M, Yusuf S,
et al
.
Canadian Trial of Physiological Pacing: effects of physiological pacing
during long-term follow-up.
Circulation
2004;
109
(3): 357–362.
29. Healey JS, Toff WD, Lamas GA, Andersen HR, Thorpe KE, Ellenbogen
KA,
et al
. Cardiovascular outcomes with atrial-based pacing compared
with ventricular pacing: meta-analysis of randomized trials, using indi-
vidual patient data.
Circulation
2006;
114
(1): 11–17.
30. Sweeney MO, Hellkamp AS, Ellenbogen KA, Greenspon AJ, Freedman
RA, Lee KL,
et al
. Adverse effect of ventricular pacing on heart failure
and atrial fibrillation among patients with normal baseline QRS dura-
tion in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction
.
Circulation
2003;
107
(23): 2932–2937.
31. Andersen HR, Nielsen JC, Thomsen PE, Thuesen L, Mortensen PT,