56 / 60
CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 32, No 2, March/April 2021
110
AFRICA
echocardiography; (3) treatment should be prompt and depends
on the aetiology of AS, resorting to transvenous pacing only in
refractory cases, as AS is usually transient.
References
1.
Chavez I, Brumlik J, Sodi Pallares D. On an extraordinary case of
paralysis with permanent atrial degeneration of nudulo of Keith and
Flack.
Arch Inst Cardiol Mex
1946;
16
: 159–181.
2.
Baldwin BJ, Talley RC, Johnson C, Nutter DO. Permanent paralysis of
the atrium in a patient with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.
Am J Cardiol
1973;
31
(5): 649–653.
3.
Wooliscroft J, Tuna N. Permanent atrial standstill: the clinical spectrum.
Am J Cardiol
1982;
49
: 2037–2041.
4.
Rosen KM, Rahimtoola SH, Gunnar RM, Lev M. Transient and persis-
tent atrial standstill with His bundle lesions: electrophysiologic and
pathologic correlations.
Circulation
1971;
44
: 220–236.
5.
Bellmann B, Roser M, Muntean B, Tscholl V, Nagel P, Schmid M,
et
al
. Atrial standstill in sinus node disease due to extensive atrial fibrosis:
impact on dual chamber pacemaker implantation.
Europace
2016;
18
(2):
238–245.
6.
Nakazato Y, Nakata Y, Hisaoka T, Sumiyoshi M, Ogura S, Yamaguchi
H. Clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of atrial standstill.
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
1995;
18
: 1244–1254.
7.
Brignole M, Auricchio A, Baron-Esquivias G, Bordachar P, Boriani
G, Breithardt AO,
et al.
2013 ESC guidelines on cardiac pacing and
cardiac resynchronization therapy: the Task Force on cardiac pacing
and resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology
(ESC). Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm
Association (EHRA).
Eur Heart J
2013;
34
(29): 2281–2329.
Fig. 2.
Transmitral pulsed-wave Doppler imaging after isoproterenol infusion, showing the absence of A waves.