CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Vol 22, No 1, January/February 2011
AFRICA
27
in 60% of patients [males (58%), females (73%)] according to
the IDF criteria. Significantly more females were found to have
the metabolic syndrome as defined by NCEP ATP III and IDF
criteria (
p
=
0.007 and 0.02, respectively).
With respect to BMI measurements, 19% of all subjects were
classified as obese (BMI
≥
30 kg/m
2
), with proportionally more
females (32%) than males (17%,
p
=
0.002). Forty-five per
cent of patients had an increased waist circumference (visceral
obesity) based on the NCEP ATP III definition of the syndrome
(mean abdominal girth 108.73
±
10.81 cm). In the 290 patients
with the metabolic syndrome according to the IDF criteria, the
mean abdominal girth was expectedly lower (102.50
±
10.32
cm), because of the lower limits set for waist circumference
measurements in the Asian population.
The genotype and allele frequency distributions of the
adiponectin, LEPR, MC4R and FTO gene polymorphisms in
relation to the metabolic syndrome as defined by the NCEP ATP
III and IDF criteria are shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.
The frequencies of all polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium. No significant relationship was found between
any of the obesity-associated polymorphisms and the metabolic
syndrome, irrespective of the definition used, nor were there any
differences in polymorphic frequencies with respect to gender,
or between patients and controls for both definitions of the
syndrome (data not shown).
The relationship between the obesity-associated polymor-
TABLE 2. GENOTYPEANDALLELE FREQUENCIES OF
OBESITY-ASSOCIATED POLYMORPHISMS IN PATIENTS
WITHANDWITHOUT THE METABOLIC SYNDROMEAS
DETERMINED BY THE NCEPATP III DEFINITION
Genotype/allelotype
NCEP (yes)
n
(%)
NCEP (no)
n
(%)
OR (95% CI)
p
-value
Adiponectin 45 T
→
G
TT
208 (71) 134 (71) 1.00 (0.66–1.53) 1.000
TG
81 (27)
50 (26) 0.94 (0.61–1.45) 0.834
GG
6 (2)
6 (3)
1.57 (0.41–5.96) 0.552
T allele
497 (84) 318 (84) 0.96 (0.67–1.39) 0.858
G allele
93 (16)
62 (16) 1.04 (0.72–1.50) 0.858
Adiponectin 276 G
→
T
GG
181 (61) 113 (59) 0.92 (0.63–1.37) 0.704
GT
99 (34)
65 (34) 1.03 (0.69–1.54) 0.922
TT
15 (5)
12 (6)
1.26 (0.53–2.95) 0.551
G allele
461 (78) 291 (77) 0.92 (0.67–1.26) 0.582
T allele
129 (22)
89 (23) 1.09 (0.79–1.50) 0.582
LEPR K109R
AA
220 (75) 130 (68) 0.74 (0.48–1.13) 0.147
AG
69 (23)
56 (29) 1.37 (0.89–2.11) 0.138
GG
6 (2)
4 (2)
1.04 (0.21–4.43) 1.000
A allele
509 (86) 316 (83) 0.79 (0.54–1.14) 0.197
G allele
81 (14)
64 (17) 1.27 (0.88–1.85) 0.197
LEPR Q223R
TT
59 (20)
30 (16) 0.76 (0.45–1.26) 0.280
TC
140 (48)
93 (49) 1.08 (0.73–1.58) 0.709
CC
95 (32)
65 (35) 1.11 (0.74–1.66) 0.621
T allele
258 (44) 153 (40) 0.88 (0.67–1.15) 0.350
C allele
330 (56) 223 (59) 1.14 (0.87–1.50) 0.350
MC4R (rs17882313)
CC
38 (13)
23 (12) 0.93 (0.51–1.67) 0.889
TC
127 (43)
76 (40) 0.88 (0.60–1.30) 0.511
TT
130 (44)
91 (48) 1.17 (0.80–1.71) 0.455
C allele
203 (34) 122 (32) 0.90 (0.68–1.20) 0.486
T allele
386 (66) 258 (68) 1.11 (0.84–1.48) 0.486
FTO (rs9939609)
AA
32 (11)
21(11) 1.02 (0.54–1.90) 1.000
AT
125 (42)
84 (44) 1.08 (0.73–1.58) 0.708
TT
138 (47)
85 (45) 0.92 (0.63–1.35) 0.709
A allele
189 (32) 126 (33) 1.05 (0.79–1.40) 0.726
T allele
401 (68) 254 (67) 0.95 (0.72–1.26) 0.726
NCEP: National Cholesterol Education Program, LEPR: leptin receptor,
OR: odd ratio, CI: confidence interval, MC4R: melanocortin-4-receptor,
FTO: fat mass and obesity associated.
TABLE 3. GENOTYPEANDALLELE FREQUENCIES OF
OBESITY-ASSOCIATED POLYMORPHISMS IN PATIENTS
WITHANDWITHOUT THE METABOLIC SYNDROMEAS
DETERMINED BY THE IDF DEFINITION
Genotype/Allelotype
IDF (yes)
n
(%)
IDF (no)
n
(%)
OR (95% CI)
p
-value
Adiponectin 45 T
→
G
TT
204 (70) 138 (71) 1.02 (0.67–1.55) 0.920
TG
79 (27)
52 (27) 0.97 (0.63–1.49) 0.889
GG
7 (2)
5 (3)
1.06 (0.26–3.96) 0.917
T allele
487 (84) 328 (84) 1.01 (0.70–1.46) 0.955
G allele
93 (16)
62 (16) 0.99 (0.69–1.42) 0.955
Adiponectin 276 G
→
T
GG
185 (64) 109 (56) 0.72 (0.49–1.06) 0.081
GT
89 (31)
75 (38) 1.41 (0.95–2.10) 0.076
TT
16 (6)
11 (6)
1.02 (0.42–2.41) 0.954
G allele
459 (79) 293 (75) 0.80 (0.58–1.09) 0.142
T allele
121 (21)
97 (25) 1.26 (0.91–1.72) 0.142
LEPR K109R
AA
211 (73) 139 (71) 0.93 (0.61–1.42) 0.722
AG
73 (25)
52 (27) 1.08 (0.70–1.67) 0.712
GG
6 (2)
4 (2)
0.99 (0.20–4.24) 0.989
A allele
495 (85) 330 (85) 0.94 (0.65–1.38) 0.755
G allele
85 (15)
60 (15) 1.06 (0.73–1.54) 0.755
LEPR Q223R
TT
56 (19)
33 (17) 0.86 (0.52–1.41) 0.528
TC
140 (48)
93 (48) 0.99 (0.68–1.45) 0.956
CC
93 (32)
67 (35) 1.12 (0.75–1.68) 0.563
T allele
252 (44) 159 (41) 0.91 (0.69–1.19) 0.459
C allele
326 (56) 227 (58) 1.10 (0.84–1.45) 0.459
MC4R (rs17882313)
CC
39 (13)
22 (11) 0.82 (0.45–1.47) 0.577
TC
119 (41)
84 (43) 1.09 (0.74–1.60) 0.707
TT
132 (46)
89 (46) 1.01 (0.69–1.47) 1.000
C allele
197 (34) 128 (33) 0.95 (0.72–1.26) 0.729
T allele
383 (66) 262 (67) 1.05 (0.80–1.40) 0.729
FTO (rs9939609)
AA
22 (11)
21 (11) 0.97 (0.52–1.81) 1.000
AT
125 (43)
84 (43) 0.10 (0.68–1.47) 1.000
TT
133 (46)
90 (46) 1.01 (0.69–1.48) 1.000
A allele
189 (33) 126 (32) 0.99 (0.74–1.31) 0.944
T allele
391 (67) 264 (68) 1.01 (0.76–1.35) 0.944
IDF: International Diabetes Federation, LEPR: leptin receptor, OR: odd
ratio, CI: confidence interval, MC4R313: melanocortin-4-receptor, FTO:
fat mass and obesity associated.
