CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 25, No 3, May/June 2014
AFRICA
123
Akt, and GSK-3 beta.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol
2006;
291
(2):
H827–34.
8.
Rafiee P, Shi Y, Su J, Pritchard KA, Jr, Tweddell JS, Baker JE.
Erythropoietin protects the infant heart against ischemia-reperfusion
injury by triggering multiple signaling pathways.
Basic Res Cardiol
2005;
100
(3): 187–197.
9.
Kelly RF, Lamont KT, Somers S, Hacking D, Lacerda L, Thomas P,
et
al
. Ethanolamine is a novel STAT-3 dependent cardioprotective agent.
Basic Res.Cardiol
2010;
105
(6): 1–8.
10. Lamont KT, Somers S, Lacerda L, Opie LH, Lecour S. Is red wine
a SAFE sip away from cardioprotection? Mechanisms involved in
resveratrol- and melatonin-induced cardioprotection.
J Pineal Res
201;
50
(4): 374–380.
11. Smith CCT, Dixon RA, Wynne AM, Theodorou L, Ong SG, Subrayan
S,
et al.
Leptin-induced cardioprotection involves JAK/STAT signaling
that may be linked to the mitochondrial permeability transition pore.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol
2010;
299
(4): H1265–H1270.
12. Suleman N, Somers S, Smith R, Opie LH, Lecour SC. Dual activation
of STAT-3 and Akt is required during the trigger phase of ischaemic
preconditioning.
Cardiovasc Res
2008;
79
(1): 127–133.
13. Lecour S. Activation of the protective Survivor Activating Factor
Enhancement (SAFE) pathway against reperfusion injury: Does it go
beyond the RISK pathway?
J Mol Cell Cardiol
2009;
47
(1): 32–40.
14. Lecour S, Smith RM, Woodward B, Opie LH, Rochette L, Sack MN.
Identification of a novel role for sphingolipid signaling in TNF alpha
and ischemic preconditioning mediated cardioprotection.
J Mol Cell
Cardiol
2002;
34
(5): 509–518.
15. Jin ZQ, Goetzl EJ, Karliner JS. Sphingosine kinase activation mediates
ischemic preconditioning in murine heart.
Circulation
2004;
110
(14):
1980–1989.
16. Lecour S, Owira P, Opie LH. 2006. Ceramide-induced preconditioning
involves reactive oxygen species.
Life Sci
2006;
78
(15): 1702–1706.
17. Theilmeier G, Schmidt C, Herrmann J, Keul P, Schafers M, Herrgott
I,
et al.
High-density lipoproteins and their constituent, sphingosine-
1-phosphate, directly protect the heart against ischemia/reperfusion
injury
in vivo
via the S1P3 lysophospholipid receptor.
Circulation
2006;
114
(13): 1403–1409.
18. Means CK, Xiao CY, Li Z, Zhang T, Omens JH, Ishii I,
et al.
Sphingosine 1-phosphate S1P2 and S1P3 receptor-mediated Akt acti-
vation protects against in vivo myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol
2007;
292
(6): H2944–2951.
19. Hausenloy, D.J. &Yellon, D.M. 2007. Reperfusion injury salvage kinase
signalling: taking a RISK for cardioprotection.
Heart Fail.Rev.
12 (3-4),
217–234.
20. Hausenloy DJ, Yellon DM. New directions for protecting the heart
against ischaemia-reperfusion injury: targeting the Reperfusion Injury
Salvage Kinase (RISK)-pathway.
Cardiovasc Res
2004;
61
(3): 448–460.
21. Gurgui M, Broere R, Kalff JC, van Echten-Deckert G. Dual action of
sphingosine 1-phosphate in eliciting proinflammatory responses in
primary cultured rat intestinal smooth muscle cells.
Cell Signal
2010;
22
(11): 1727–1733.
22. Loh KC, Leong WI, Carlson ME, Oskouian B, Kumar A, Fyrst H,
et al
. Sphingosine-1-phosphate enhances satellite cell activation in
dystrophic muscles through a S1PR2/STAT3 signaling pathway.
PLoS
One
2012;
7
(5): e37218.
23. Frias MA, James RW, Gerber-Wicht C, Lang U. Native and reconstitut-
ed HDL activate Stat3 in ventricular cardiomyocytes via ERK1/2: role
of sphingosine-1-phosphate.
Cardiovasc Res
2009;
82
(2): 313–323.
24. Somers SJ, Frias M, Lacerda L, Opie LH, Lecour S. Interplay between
SAFE and RISK pathways in sphingosine-1-phosphate–induced cardio-
protection.
Cardiovasc Drugs Ther
2012;
26
(3): 1–11.
25. Smith RM, Suleman N, McCarthy J, Sack MN. Classic ischemic but not
pharmacologic preconditioning is abrogated following genetic ablation
of the TNFalpha gene.
Cardiovasc Res
2002;
55
(3): 553–560.
26. Lecour S, Rochette L, Opie L. Free radicals trigger TNF alpha-induced
cardioprotection.
Cardiovasc Res
2005;
65
(1): 239–243.
27. Williams SD, Ford DA. 2001. Calcium-independent phospholipase A2
mediates CREB phosphorylation and c-fos expression during ischemia.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol
2001;
281
(1): H168–H176.
28. Lewin TM, de Jong H, Schwerbrock NJ, Hammond LE, Watkins S M,
Combs TP,
et al.
Mice deficient in mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate
acyltransferase-1 have diminished myocardial triacylglycerol accumu-
lation during lipogenic diet and altered phospholipid fatty acid compo-
sition.
Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) Molec Cell Biol Lipids
2008;
1781
(6): 352–358.
29. Sattler K, Levkau B. Sphingosine-1-phosphate as a mediator of high-
density lipoprotein effects in cardiovascular protection.
Cardiovasc Res
2009;
82
(2): 201–211.
30. Vessey DA, Li L, Kelley M, Zhang J, Karliner JS. Sphingosine can
pre- and post-condition heart and utilizes a different mechanism from
sphingosine 1-phosphate.
J Biochem Mol Toxicol
2008;
22
(2): 113–118.
31. Keul P, Sattler K, Levkau B. HDL and its sphingosine-1-phosphate
content in cardioprotection.
Heart Fail Rev
2007;
12
(3–4): 301–306.
32. Wang M, Zhang W, Crisostomo P, Markel T, Meldrum KK, Fu XY
et al
. Sex differences in endothelial STAT3 mediate sex differences
in myocardial inflammation.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab
2007;
293
(3): E872–E877.
33. Barry SP, Townsend PA, Knight RA, Scarabelli TM, Latchman DS,
Stephanou A. STAT3 modulates the DNA damage response pathway.
Int J Exp Pathol
2010;
91
(6): 506–514.
34. Pedretti S, Raddatz E. STAT3
α
interacts with nuclear GSK3beta and
cytoplasmic RISK pathway and stabilizes rhythm in the anoxic-reoxy-
genated embryonic heart.
Basic Res Cardiol
2011;
106
(3): 355–369.35.
35. Boengler K, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Heusch G, Schulz R. Inhibition of
permeability transition pore opening by mitochondrial STAT3 and
its role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion.
Basic Res Cardiol
2010;
105
(6): 771–785.
36. Heusch G, Musiolik J, Gedik N, Skyschally A. Mitochondrial STAT3
activation and cardioprotection by ischemic postconditioning in pigs
with regional myocardial ischemia/reperfusion novelty and signifi-
cance.
Circ Res
2011;
109
(11): 1302–1308.
37. Ferdinandy P, Schulz R, Baxter GF. Interaction of cardiovascular risk
factors with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, preconditioning,
and postconditioning.
Pharmacol Rev
2007;
59
: 418–458.