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CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 29, No 2, March/April 2018
78
AFRICA
blood glucose levels in those over 18 years in Angola for 2014.
1
This rise in diabetes is aligned with the global tendency for
this disease, which has increased faster in LMIC than in high-
income countries since 1980.
27
Since the end of the Angolan
civil war in 2002, the population has been increasing and ageing.
This, together with changes in food habits and the urbanisation
process, may have led to the increased prevalence of diabetes in
this region.
Table 5. Prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia and relation with other factors by gender (Caxito, 2016)
Associated factor
All participants (
n
=
1 781)
Female (
n
=
978)
Male (
n
=
803)
Prevalence
% (95% CI)*
Prevalence
% (95% CI)*
Adjusted OR
a,b
(95% CI)*
Prevalence
% (95% CI)*
Adjusted OR
a,b
(95% CI)*
Total
4.0 (3.2–5.0)
5.6 (4.3–7.2)
2.3 (1.3–4.0)
2.0 (1.2–3.2)
1
Age (years)
15–24
0.7 (0.3–1.8)
1.1 (0.4–3.2)
1
0.3 (0.1–1.9)
1
25–34
2.5 (1.4–4.3)
2.8 (1.4–5.7)
2.6 (0.6–10.8)
2.5 (1.1–5.3)
5.0 (0.8–31.6)
35–44
3.6 (2.0–6.4)
5.4 (2.9–9.6)
5.2 (1.4–20.0)
0.9 (0.2–4.7)
2.1 (0.2–24.4)
45–54
9.4 (6.3–13.7)
10.8 (6.9–16.7)
11.9 (3.30–42.7)
5.7 (2.5–12.8)
13.7 (2.1–88.1)
55–64
11.4 (7.6–16.8)
15.4 (10.0–23.0)
17.2 (4.8–61.9)
4.5 (1.6–12.5)
9.0 (1.2–69.5)
Residence
Urban
3.9 (3.0–5.0)
5.6 (4.2–7.4)
–
1.8 (1.0–3.2)
–
Rural
4.2 (2.5–7.0)
5.3 (2.8–9.8)
–
3.5 (1.5–7.9)
–
Education (years completed)
None
10.8 (7.0–16.2)
10.7 (6.9–16.3)
–
11.1 (2.0–43.5)
–
1–4
5.7 (3.9–8.3)
6.4 (4.3–9.5)
–
2.5 (0.7–8.8)
–
5–9
2.6 (1.7–4.1)
3.3 (1.9–5.9)
–
2.0 (1.0–3.9)
–
>10
2.0 (1.0–3.7)
2.3 (0.8–6.5)
–
1.9 (0.9–4.0)
–
BMI class (kg/m
2
)
Underweight (
<
18.5)
2.3 (0.9–5.7)
3.2 (1.1–9.1)
–
1.2 (0.2–6.5)
–
Normal (18.5–24.9)
3.5 (2.6–4.7)
5.1 (3.6–7.3)
–
1.9 (1.1–3.3)
–
Overweight (25.0–29.9)
5.3 (3.3–8.3)
6.0 (3.6–10.1)
–
3.8 (1.5–9.3)
–
Obese (
≥
30)
6.7 (3.5–12.2)
8.6 (4.6–15.5)
–
–
a
–
Abdominal obesity
No
2.4 (1.7–3.4)
3.5 (2.3–5.2)
–
1.5 (0.8–2.7)
–
Yes
8.1 (6.0–10.9)
8.8 (6.4–12.2)
–
5.9 (2.9–11.6)
–
Tobacco smoking
Non-current
3.7 (2.9–4.8)
5.1 (3.9–6.7)
–
2.0 (1.2–3.3)
–
Current
6.4 (3.1–12.6)
17.9 (7.9–35.6)
–
2.5 (0.7–8.6)
–
Alcohol consumption
No consumption
4.3 (3.2–5.6)
5.7 (4.2–7.7)
–
2.2 (1.2–4.1)
–
Occasional (
<
3 days per week)
2.7 (1.4–5.0)
4.6 (2.5–8.6)
–
–
c
–
Frequent (
≥
3 days per week)
3.9 (2.2–6.7)
5.6 (2.6–11.6)
–
2.5 (1.1–5.7)
–
*Post-stratification weights used as described in the methods section;
a
Adjusted for age (categorical: 15–23, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, and 55–64);
b
Only variables with rela-
tions with statistical significance shown;
c
No cases in this category.
Table 6. Awareness, treatment and control rates of hypertension by gender (Caxito, 2016)
Awareness
Treatment
Control
All (
n
=
209) Female (
n
=
131) Male (
n
=
78) All (
n
=
68) Female (
n
=
41) Male (
n
=
27) All (
n
=
39) Female (
n
=
25) Male (
n
=
14
)
% (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI)
Education (years
completed)
none
21.5
(16.5–27.6)
34.4
(26.8–42.8)
0
17.6
(10.4–28.4)
26.8
(15.7–41.9)
3.7
(0.7–18.3)
10.3
(4.1–23.6)
16.0
(6.4–34.7)
0
1–4
31.1
(25.2–37.7)
40.5
(32.4–49.0)
15.4
(9.0–25.0)
27.9
(18.7–39.6)
39.0
(25.7–54.3)
11.1
(3.9–28.1)
25.6
(14.6–41.1)
40.0
(23.4–59.3)
0
5–9
28.2
(22.6–34.7)
22.1
(15.9–30.0)
38.5
(28.4–49.6)
29.4
(19.9–41.1)
26.8
(15.7–41.9)
33.3
(18.6–52.2)
33.3
(20.6–49.0)
36.0
(20.2–55.5)
28.6
(11.7–54.6)
> 10
19.1
(14.4–25.0)
3.1
(1.2–7.6)
46.2
(35.5–57.1)
25.0
(16.2–36.4)
7.3
(2.5–19.4)
51.9
(34.0–69.3)
30.8
(18.6–46.4)
8.0
(2.2–25.0)
71.4
(45.4–88.3)
Age (years)
15–24
2.9
(1.3–6.1)
0.8
(0.1–4.2)
6.4
(2.8–14.1)
1.5
(0.3–7.9)
2.4
(0.4–12.6)
0
2.6
(0.5–13.2)
4.0
(0.7–19.5)
0
25–34
16.7
(12.3–22.4)
12.2
(7.7–18.9)
24.4
(16.2–34.9)
26.5
(17.4–38.0)
24.4
(13.8–39.3)
29.6
(15.9–48.5)
33.3
(20.6–49.0)
32.0
(17.2–51.6)
35.7
(16.3–61.2)
35–44
19.6
(14.8–25.5)
19.1
(13.3–26.7)
20.5
(13.0–30.8)
20.6
(12.7–31.6)
19.5
(10.2–34.0)
22.2 (
10.6–40.8)
25.6
(14.6–41.1)
24.0
(11.5–43.4)
28.6
(11.7–54.6)
45–54
31.1
(25.2–37.7)
37.4
(29.6–45.9)
20.5
(13.0–30.8)
23.5
(15.0–34.9)
26.8
(15.7–41.9)
18.5
(8.2–36.7)
17.9
(9.0–32.7)
20.0
(8.9–39.1)
14.3
(4.0–39.9)
55–64
29.7
(23.9–36.2)
30.5
(23.3–38.9)
19.4
(19.4–39.0)
27.9
(18.7–39.6)
26.8
(15.7–41.9)
29.6
(15.9–48.5)
20.5
(10.8–35.5)
20.0
(8.9–39.1)
21.4
(7.6–47.6)