CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Vol 24, No 4, May 2013
116
AFRICA
References
1.
Bassand JP, Hamm CW, Ardissino D,
et al
. Guidelines for the diagnosis
and treatment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes.
Eur Heart
J
2007;
28
(13): 1598–660. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm499.
2.
Mehta SR, Cannon CP, Fox KA, Wallentin L,
et al
. Routine vs. selective
invasive strategies in patients with acute coronary syndromes:a collabo-
rative meta-analysis of randomized trials.
J Am Med Assoc
2005;
293
:
2908–2917.doi: 10.1001/jama.293.23.2908.
3.
Lagerqvist B, Husted S, Kontny F, Naslund U, Stahle E, Swahn E,
Wallentin L. A long-term perspective on the protective effects of an
early invasive strategy in unstable coronary artery disease: two-year
follow-up of the FRISC-II invasive study.
J Am Coll Cardiol
2002;
40
:
1902–1914. doi: 10.1016/S1062-1458(03)00082-5.
4.
Bavry AA, Kumbhani DJ, Rassi AN, Bhatt DL, Askari AT. Benefit of
early invasive therapy in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of
contemporary randomized clinical trials.
J
Am Coll Cardiol
2006;
48
:
1319–1325. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.06.050.
5.
Fox KA, Poole-Wilson P, Clayton TC,
et
al
. Five-year outcome of an
interventional strategy in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome:
the British Heart Foundation RITA 3 randomised trial.
Lancet
2005;
366
: 914–920. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67222-4.
6.
Lagerqvist B, Husted S, Kontny F, Stahle E, Swahn E, Wallentin L. Five-
year outcomes in the FRISC-II randomised trial of an invasive versus
a noninvasive strategy in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome:
a follow-up study.
Lancet
2006;
368
: 998–1004. doi:10.1016/S0140-
6736(06)69416-6.
7.
Damman P, Hirsch A, Windhausen F, Tijssen JGP, de Winter RJ,
for the ICTUS Investigators. Five-year clinical outcomes in the
ICTUS (Invasive versus Conservative Treatment in Unstable coronary
Syndromes) trial: A randomized comparison of an early invasive versus
selective invasive management in patients with non-ST-elevation acute
coronary syndrome.
J Am Coll Cardiol
2010;
55
(9): 858–864.
8.
Poole-Wilson PA, Pocock SJ, Fox KAA,
et
al
. Interventional versus
conservative treatment in acute non-ST elevation coronary syndrome:
time course of patient management and disease events over one year
in the RITA 3 trial.
Heart
2006;
92
(10): 1473–1479. doi: 10.0036/
hrt.2005.060541.
9.
Neumann FJ, Kastrati A, Pogatsa-Murray G,
et
al
. Evaluation of
prolonged antithrombotic pretreatment (“cooling-off ” strategy) before
intervention in patients with unstable coronary syndromes: A rand-
omized controlled trial.
J
Am Med
Assoc
2003;
290
(12): 1593–1599.
doi: 10.1001/jama.290.12.1593.
10. Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Demopoulos LA,
et
al
. Comparison of
early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable
coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor
tirofiban.
N
Engl
J
Med
2001;
344
(25): 1879–1887. doi: 10.1056/
NEJM200106213442501.
11. Antman EM, Cohen M, Bernink PJLM,
et
al.
The TIMI risk score
for unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI: A method for prognostica-
tion and therapeutic decision making.
J
Am Med
Assoc
2000;
284
(7):
835–842. doi: 10.1001/jama.284.7.835.
12. Statistics South Africa. Mid-year population estimates 2011. http://
(accessed 6 August 2012).
13. Killip T, Kimball J, Treatment of myocardial infarction in a coronary
care unit. A two-year experience with 250 patients.
Am
J Cardiol
1967;
20
(4): 457–464.
14. Granger CB, Goldberg RJ, Dabbous O,
et
al
. Predictors of hospital
mortality in the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events.
Arch
Intern
Med
2003;
163
: 2345–2353. doi: 10.1001/archinte.163.19.2345.
15. Tatsuya N, Masami K, Kiyoshi H,
et
al
. Comparison of Grace risk
score versus TIMI risk score on angiographic findings in patients with
non-st-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.
J Am Coll Cardiol
2010;
55
; A115.E1071.
16. De Arau´jo Gonc¸alves P, Ferreira A, Aguiar C, Seabra-Gomes R. TIMI,
PURSUIT, and GRACE risk scores: sustained prognostic value and
interaction with revascularization in NSTE-ACS.
Eur Heart J
2005;
26
:
865–872. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi187.
17. López-Sendón J, Swedberg K, McMurray J,
et
al
. Expert consensus
document on beta-adrenergic receptor blockers.
Eur
Heart
J
2004;
25
(15): 1341. doi: 10.1016/j.ehj.2004.06.002.
18. Ibanez B, Prat-Gonzalez S, Speidl WS,
et
al
. Early metoprolol admin-
istration before coronary reperfusion results in increased myocardial
salvage: analysis of ischemic myocardium at risk using cardiac magnet-
ic resonance.
Circulation
2007;
115
(23): 2909–2916. doi: 10.1161/
CIRCULATIONAHA.106.679639.
19. De Winter RJ, Windhausen F, Cornel JH,
et
al.
Early invasive versus
selectively invasive management for acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl
J Med
2005;
353
: 1095–1104. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa044259.
20. Ryan JW, Peterson ED, Chen AY,
et
al
. Optimal timing of interven-
tion in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: insights
from the CRUSADE (Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina
patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the
ACC/AHA guidelines) registry
Circulation
2005;
112
; 3049–3057. doi:
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.582346.
21. Mehta SR, Granger CB, Boden WE,
et al
. Early versus delayed invasive
intervention in acute coronary syndromes.
N
Engl
J Med
2009;
360
:
2165–2175. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0807986.
22. FRagmin and Fast Revascularisation during InStability in Coronary
artery disease (FRISC II) Investigators. Invasive compared with
non-invasive treatment in unstable coronary-artery disease. FRISC II
prospective randomised multicentre trial.
Lancet
1999;
354
: 708–715.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)07349-3.
23. Fox, KAA, Poole-Wilson PA, Henderson RA,
et
al
. Interventional
versus conservative treatment for patients with unstable angina or
non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the British Heart Foundation
RITA 3 randomised trial.
Lancet
2002;
360
: 743–751. doi: 10.1016/
S0140-6736(02)09894-X.
