

CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 28, No 3, May/June 2017
e4
AFRICA
2.
Ruano, CA, Marinho-da-Silva A, Donato P. Congenital thoracic venous
anomalies in adults: morphologic MR imaging.
Curr Probl Diagn Radiol
2015;
44
(4): 337–345.
3.
Kula S, Cevik A, Sanli C, Pektas A, Tunaoglu FS, Oguz AD,
et al
.
Persistent left superior vena cava: experience of a tertiary health-care
center
. Pediatr Int
2011;
53
(6): 1066–1069.
4.
Buirski G, Jordan SC, Joffe HS, Wilde P
.
Superior vena caval abnor-
malities: their occurrence rate, associated cardiac abnormalities and
angiographic classification in a paediatric population with congenital
heart disease.
Clin Radiol
1986;
37
(2): 131–138.
5.
Granata A, Andrulli S, Fiorini F, Logias F, Figuera M, Mignani R,
et al
.
Persistent left superior vena cava: what the interventional nephrologist
needs to know
.
J Vasc Access
2009;
10
(3): 207–211.
6.
Goyal SK, Punnam SR, Verma G, Ruberg FL
.
Persistent left superior
vena cava: a case report and review of literature.
Cardiovasc Ultrasound
2008;
6
: 50.
7.
Dinasarapu CR, Adiga GU, Malik S. Recurrent cerebral embolism
associated with indwelling catheter in the presence of anomalous neck
venous structures
. Am J Med Sci
2010;
340
(5): 421–423.
8.
Uçar O, Pa
ş
ao
ğ
lu L, Ciçekçio
ğ
lu H, Vural M, Kocao
ğ
lu I, Aydo
ğ
du S
.
Persistent left superior vena cava with absent right superior vena cava:
a case report and review of the literature
. Cardiovasc J Afr
2010;
21
(3):
164–166.
9.
Povoski SP. A prospective analysis of the cephalic vein cutdown
approach for chronic indwelling central venous access in 100 consecutive
cancer patients.
Ann Surg Oncol
2000;
7
(7): 496–502.
10. Lai YC, Goh JC, Lim SH, Seah TG. Difficult pulmonary artery cath-
eterization in a patient with persistent left superior vena cava
. Anaesth
Intensive Care
1998;
26
(6): 671–673.
11. Hołda M, Koziej M, Hołda J, Pi
ą
tek K, Tyrak K, Chołopiak W,
et al
.
Atrial septal pouch – morphological features and clinical considerations
.
I
nt J Cardiol
2016;
220
: 337–342.
12. Pasquini L, Belmar C, Seale A, Gardiner HM. Prenatal diagnosis of
absent right and persistent left superior vena cava.
Prenat Diagn
2006;
26
(8): 700–702.
13. Miraldi F, di Gioiga CR, Proietti P, De Santis M, d’Amati G, Gallo
P. Cardinal vein isomerism: an embryological hypothesis to explain a
persistent left superior vena cava draining into the roof of the left atrium
in the absence of coronary sinus and atrial septal defect.
Cardiovasc
Pathol
2002;
11
(3): 149–152.
14. Hołda MK, Klimek-Piotrowska W, Koziej M, Mazur M. Anatomical
variations of the coronary sinus valve (Thebesian valve): implications for
electrocardiological procedures.
Europace
2015;
17
(6): 921–927.
15. Klimek-Piotrowska W, Hołda, MK, Koziej M, Pi
ą
tek K, Hołda, J.
Anatomy of the true interatrial septum for transseptal access to the left
atrium.
Ann Anat, Anatomischer Anzeiger
2016;
205
: 60–64.
16. Klimek-Piotrowska W, Hołda, MK, Pi
ą
tek K, Koziej M, Hołda J.
Normal distal pulmonary vein anatomy.
Peer J
2016;
4
: e1579.
17. Povoski SP, Khabiri H. Persistent left superior vena cava: review of the
literature, clinical implications, and relevance of alterations in thoracic
central venous anatomy as pertaining to the general principles of central
venous access device placement and venography in cancer patients.
World J Surg Oncol
2011;
9
: 173.
18. Lenox CC, Zuberbuhler JR, Park SC, Neches WH, Mathews RA,
Fricker FJ,
et al
. Absent right superior vena cava with persistent left
superior vena cava: implications and management.
Am J Cardiol
1980;
45
(1): 117–122.
19. Lee MS, Pande RL, Rao B, Landzberg MJ, Kwong RY. Cerebral abscess
due to persistent left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium
.
Circulation
2011;
124
(21): 2362–2364.
20. Sarodia BD, Stoller JK. Persistent left superior vena cava: case report
and literature review.
Respir Care
2000;
45
(4): 411–416.
21. Elison B, Evans D, Zanders T, Jeanmonod R. Persistent left superior
vena cava draining into the pulmonary venous system discovered after
central venous catheter placement.
Am J Emerg Med
2014;
32
(8): 943.
e1–3.
22. Erdo
ğ
an M, Karaka
ş
P, Uygur F, Me
ş
e B, Yamak B, Bozkir MG.
Persistent left superior vena cava: the anatomical and surgical impor-
tance
. West Indian Med J
2007;
56
(1): 72–76.
23. Heye T, WengenrothM, Schipp A, Dengler JT, Grenacher L, Kauffmann
WG. Persistent left superior vena cava with absent right superior vena
cava: morphological CT features and clinical implications.
Int J Cardiol
2007;
116
(3): e103–105.
24. Luckianow G, Cole D, Kaplan L. Anatomical variant found during
catheter insertion
.
J Am Acad Phys Assist
2009;
22
(9): 60, 63.
25. Liu X, He Y, Tian Z, Rychik J. Persistent left superior vena cava
connected to the coronary sinus in the fetus: effects on cardiac structure
and flow dynamics.
Pediatr Cardiol
2016;
37
(6): 1085–1090.