CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 28, No 6, November/December 2017
AFRICA
355
multifaceted and personalised interventions. These should
incorporate affordable medications with favourable side-effect
profiles, easy-to-use medication regimens with fewer daily
doses, ongoing communication among patients and healthcare
providers, improvement of the patient–provider partnership, and
an expanding role of pharmacists through implementation of
pharmaceutical care.
We gratefully acknowledge all the medical staff in the three sites for their
assistance and collaboration in carrying out the study, and all patients who
agreed to participate in this study for their co-operation.
References
1.
World Health Organization. World Health Statistics – Sudan: country
profiles –noncommunicable diseases, 2016. www.who.int/nmh/countries/
sdn_en.pdf?ua
=
1. Accessed 17 Feb 2016.
2.
Suliman A. The state of heart disease in Sudan.
Cardiovasc J Afr
2011;
22
(4): 191–196. Doi: 10.5830/CVJA-2010-054.
3.
Pearson TA, Palaniappan LP, Artinian NT, Carnethon MR, Criqui MH,
Daniels SR,
et al.
American Heart Association Guide for Improving
Cardiovascular Health at the Community Level, 2013 update: a scien-
tific statement for public health practitioners, healthcare providers,
and health policy makers.
Circulation
2013;
127
(16): 1730–1753. Doi:
10.1161/CIR.0b013e31828f8a94.127:1730-53.
4.
Naderi SH, Bestwick JP, Wald DS. Adherence to drugs that prevent
cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis on 376,162 patients.
Am J Med
2012;
125
(9): 882–887.e1. Doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.12.013. 125:882-7.
5.
De Geest S, Sabaté E. Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for
action.
Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs
2003;
2
(4): 323. PMID: 14667488.
6.
Sokol MC, McGuigan KA, Verbrugge RR, Epstein RS. Impact of
medication adherence on hospitalization risk and healthcare cost.
Med
Care
2005;
43
(6): 521–530. PMID: 15908846.
7.
Simpson SH, Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, Padwal RS, Tsuyuki RT,
et al
. A meta-analysis of the association between adherence to drug
therapy and mortality.
Br Med J
2006;
333
(7557): 15. DOI: 10.1136/
bmj.38875.675486.55
8.
Ho PM, Magid DJ, Shetterly SM, Olson KL, Maddox TM, Peterson
PN,
et al
. Medication nonadherence is associated with a broad range of
adverse outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease.
Am Heart J
2008;
155
(4): 772–779. Doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.12.011.
9.
Jackevicius CA, Li P, Tu JV. Prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of
primarynonadherenceafteracutemyocardialinfarction.
Circulation
2008;
117
(8):1028–1036. Doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706820.
10. Hashmi SK, Afridi MB, Abbas K, Sajwani RA, Saleheen D, Frossard
PM,
et al
. Factors associated with adherence to anti-hypertensive treat-
ment in Pakistan.
PLoS One
2007;
2
(3): e280. DOI: 10.1371/journal.
pone.0000280.
11. Melloni C, Alexander KP, Ou FS, LaPointe NM, Roe MT, Newby LK,
et al
. Predictors of early discontinuation of evidence-based medicine
after acute coronary syndrome.
Am J Cardiol
2009;
104
(2): 175–181.
Doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.03.013.
12. Kumbhani DJ, Fonarow GC, Cannon CP, Hernandez AF, Peterson ED,
Peacock WF,
et al.
Predictors of adherence to performance measures
in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Am J Med
2013;
126
(1):
74.e1–9. Doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.02.025.
13. Shah NR, Hirsch AG, Zacker C, Wood GC, Schoenthaler A, Ogedegbe
G,
et al
. Predictors of first-fill adherence for patients with hypertension.
Am J Hypertens
2009;
22
(4): 392–396. Doi: 10.1038/ajh.2008.367.
14. Bowry AD, Shrank WH, Lee JL, Stedman M, Choudhry NK. A system-
atic review of adherence to cardiovascular medications in resource-limit-
ed settings.
J Gen Intern Med
2011;
26
(12): 1479–1491. Doi: 10.1007/
s11606-011-1825-3.
15. Elhassan OBM, Ibnouf MAM. Adherence of Sudanese coronary
artery disease patients to secondary prevention medications at Elshaab
Teaching Hospital, Sudan.
Sudan J Med Sci
2014;
9
(2): 111–116.
16. AL-khadher Mugahed A F-EI, Ahmed W. Compliance to treatment and
quality of life of Sudanese patients with heart failure.
Int J Pharmaceut
Medicinal Res
2015;
1
(2): 40–44.
17. Dupont WD, Plummer WD Jr. Power and sample size calculations, 2014.
http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/twiki/bin/view/Main/PowerSampleSize.18. Morisky DE, Ang A, Krousel-Wood M, Ward HJ. Predictive valid-
ity of a medication adherence measure in an outpatient setting.
J Clin
Hypertens (Greenwich)
2008;
10
(5): 348–354. PMID: 18453793.
19. LeeGK,WangHH, LiuKQ, CheungY,MoriskyDE,
et al.
Determinants
of medication adherence to antihypertensive medications among a
Chinese population using Morisky Medication Adherence Scale.
PLoS
One
2013;
8
(4): e62775. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062775.
20. Wong MCS, Wu CHM, Wang HHX, Li HW, Hui EMT, Lam AT,
et al
. Association between the 8-item Morisky medication adherence
scale (MMAS-8) score and glycaemic control among Chinese diabetes
patients.
J Clin Pharmacol
2015;
55
(3): 279–287. Doi: 10.1002/jcph.408
21.
21. Bader RJ, Koprulu F, Hassan NA, Ali AA, Elnour AA. Predictors
of adherence to antihypertensive medication in northern United
Arab Emirates.
East Mediterr Health J
2015;
21
(5): 309–318. PMID:
26343119.
22. Oates DJ, Paasche-Orlow MK. Health literacy: communica-
tion strategies to improve patient comprehension of cardiovascu-
lar health.
Circulation
2009;
119
(7): 1049–1051. Doi: 10.1161/
CIRCULATIONAHA.108.818468.
23. Claxton AJ, Cramer J, Pierce C. A systematic review of the associations
between dose regimens and medication compliance.
Clin Ther
2001;
23
(8): 1296–310. PMID: 11558866.
24. Kronish IM, Ye S. Adherence to cardiovascular medications: lessons
learned and future directions.
Prog Cardiovasc Dis
2013;
55
(6): 590–600.
Doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2013.02.001.
25. Steiner JF, Ho PM, Beaty BL, Dickinson LM, Hanratty R, Zeng
C,
et al
. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics are not clini-
cally useful predictors of refill adherence in patients with hypertension.
Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes
2009;
2
(5): 451–457. Doi: 10.1161/
CIRCOUTCOMES.108.841635.
26. Ho PM, Bryson CL, Rumsfeld JS. Medication adherence: its importance
in cardiovascular outcomes.
Circulation
2009;
119
(23): 3028–3035. Doi:
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.768986.
27. Lee JK, Grace KA, Taylor AJ. Effect of a pharmacy care program on
medication adherence and persistence, blood pressure, and low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol: a randomized controlled trial.
J Am Med Assoc
2006;
296
(21): 2563–2571. DOI: 10.1001/jama.296.21.joc60162.
28. Murray MD, Young J, Hoke S, Tu W, Weiner M,
et al
. Pharmacist inter-
vention to improve medication adherence in heart failure: a randomized
trial.
Ann Intern Med
2007;
146
(10): 714–725. PMID: 17502632.
29. Petrilla AA, Benner JS, Battleman DS, Tierce JC, Hazard EH. Evidence-
based interventions to improve patient compliance with antihypertensive
and lipid-lowering medications.
Int J Clin Pract
2005;
59
(12): 1441–
14451. DOI: 10.1111/j.1368-5031.2005.00704.x.