CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Volume 31, No 5, September/October 2020
AFRICA
251
research grants, honoraria or consulting fees for professional input and/
or delivered lectures from Sanofi, Regeneron, Amgen and The Medicines
Company.
Sanofi and Regeneron sponsored the study and paid the article-processing
fee.
References
1.
World Health Organization. The top 10 causes of death. Fact Sheet
2017. Available at
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/(Accessed 22 September 2018).
2.
Maredza M, Hofman K, J, Tollman SM. A hidden menace:
Cardiovascular disease in South Africa and the costs of an inadequate
policy response.
SA Heart
2011;
8
: 48–57.
3.
Monti M, Ruggieri MP, Vincentelli G,
et al
. Cardiovascular risk factors
in sub-Saharan Africa: a review.
Ital J Med
2015;
9
(4): 305–313.
4.
Boateng D, Wekesah F, Browne JL,
et al
. Knowledge and awareness
of and perception towards cardiovascular disease risk in sub-Saharan
Africa: A systematic review.
PLoS One
2017;
12
(12): e0189264.
5.
Keates AK, Mocumbi AO, Ntsekhe M,
et al
. Cardiovascular disease in
Africa: epidemiological profile and challenges.
Nat Rev Cardiol
2017;
14
: 273–293.
6.
Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S,
et al
. INTERHEART Study
Investigators. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated
with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study):
case-control study.
Lance
t 2004;
364
(9438): 937–952.
7.
Gaziano TA, Bitton A, Anand S,
et al
. Growing epidemic of coronary
heart disease in low- and middle-income countries.
Curr Probl Cardiol
2010;
35
(2): 72–115.
8.
Raal F, Schamroth C, Blom D,
et al
. CEPHEUS SA: a South African
survey on the under-treatment of hypercholesterolaemia.
Cardiovasc J
Afr
2011;
22
: 234–240.
9.
Raal FJ, Blom DJ, Naidoo S,
et al
. Prevalence of dyslipidaemia in
statin-treated patients in South Africa: results of the DYSlipidaemia
International Study (DYSIS).
Cardiovasc J Afr
2013;
24
(8): 330–338.
10. Blom DJ, Raal F, Amod A,
et al
. ICLPS SA study group. Management
of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in South Africa: the
International ChoLesterol management Practice Study (ICLPS).
Cardiovasc J Afr
2019;
30
(1): 15–23.
11. Naidoo P, Mothilal R, Blom DJ. Therapeutic management of dyslipi-
demia patients at very high cardiovascular risk (CARDIO TRACK):
protocol for the observational registry study.
JMIR Res Protoc
2018;
7
(6): e163.
12. Catapano AL, Graham I, De Backer G,
et al.
2016 ESC/EAS guidelines
for the management of dyslipidaemias: the task force for the manage-
ment of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)
and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) developed with the special
contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention
& Rehabilitation (EACPR).
Atherosclerosis
2016;
253
: 281–344.
13. Defesche JC, Lansberg PJ, Umans-Eckenhausen MA,
et al
. Advanced
method for the identification of patients with inherited hypercholester-
olemia.
Semin Vasc Med
2004;
4
(1): 59–65.
14. Blom DJ, Almahmeed W, Al-Rasadi K,
et al
. ICLPS study group.
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal achievement in patients with
familial hypercholesterolemia in countries outside Western Europe: The
International ChoLesterol management Practice Study.
J Clin Lipidol
2019; S1933–2874(19): 30179–30185.
15. Kostev K, Parhofer KG, Dippel FW. Prevalence of high-risk cardiovas-
cular patients with therapy-resistant hypercholesterolemia.
Cardiovasc
Endocrinol
2017;
6
(2): 81–85.
16. Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC,
et al
. FOURIER Steering
Committee and Investigators. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in
patients with cardiovascular disease.
N Engl J Med
2017;
376
(18):
1713–1772.
17. Schwartz GG, Steg PG, Szarek M,
et al
. ODYSSEY OUTCOMES
Committees and Investigators. Alirocumab and cardiovascular
outcomes after acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med
2018;
379
(22):
2097–2107.
18. Klug EQ, Raal FJ, Marais D,
et al
. South African dyslipidaemia
guideline consensus statement: 2018 update: A joint statement from
the South African Heart Association (SA Heart) and the Lipid and
Atherosclerosis Society of Southern Africa (LASSA).
S Afr Med J
2018;
108
(Part 2): 973–1000.
19. Klug EQ, Raal FJ, Marais AD,
et al
. South African dyslipidaemia
guideline consensus statement.
SA Heart J
2012;
9
(2): 106–117.
20. Cannon CP, Khan I, Klimchak AC,
et al
. Simulation of lipid-lowering
therapy intensification in a population with atherosclerotic cardiovascu-
lar disease
. J Am Med Assoc Cardiol
2017;
2
(9): 959–966.