Correlation of cardiac risk factors with carotid and radial intima–media thickness measurements

Fritz G van Schalkwyk, Stephen C Brown, Francis Smit, Lezelle Botes

Abstract

Aim: Early identification of patients at risk for future cardiovascular events is essential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and carotid intima–media thickness (CIMT) and radial intima–media thickness (RIMT).
Methods: A prospective, descriptive, analytical study design was used. Two hundred and fifty patients with one or more modifiable risk factors underwent an ultrasound measurement of left and right CIMT and RIMT, according to standard guidelines.
Results: Eighty-one per cent of patients had two or more risk factors. Hypertension was the most common modifiable risk factor (89%), followed by obesity (66%). Male gender demonstrated a significant increase in mean CIMT (p < 0.05). Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolaemia and smoking contributed to a thickened mean CIMT with odds ratios of 3.99, 2.82, 2.47 and 2.09, respectively (p < 0.05). Combinations associated with a thicker mean CIMT included hypertension and diabetes, and hypertension and smoking, with odds ratios of 6.92 and 3.67, respectively (p < 0.05). Only hyper-cholesterolaemia was significantly associated with a thicker mean RIMT (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Male gender, increased age, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia and smoking significantly contributed to a thickened CIMT, whereas only hyper- cholesterolaemia was associated with a thickened RIMT. Hypertension had the most significant impact on the mean CIMT thickness. Combinations of risk factors appeared to add summative risks for thickened CIMT and RIMT.