CARDIOVASCULAR JOURNAL OF AFRICA • Vol 23, No 10, November 2012
AFRICA
571
Atheroscler Rep
2002;
4
: 228–237.
89.
Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic
complications.
Nature
2001;
414
: 813–820.
90.
Mokini Z, Loredana Marcovscchio M, Chiarelli F. Molecular pathology
of oxidative stress in diabetic angiopathy: Role of mitochondrial and
cellular pathways.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract
2010;
87
: 313–321.
91.
Esposito K, Nappo F, Marfella R,
et al
.
Inflammatory cytokine concen-
trations are acutely increased by hyperglycaemia in humans: role of
oxidative stress.
Circulation
2002;
106
: 2067–2072.
92.
Su Y, Liu XM, Sun YM,
et al
.
The relationship between endothelial
dysfunction and oxidative stress in diabetes and pre-diabetes
.
Int J Clin
Pract
2008;
62
: 877–882.
93.
Hansel B, Giral P, Nobecourt E,
et al
.
Metabolic syndrome is associated
with elevated oxidative stress and dysfunctional dense HDL particles
displaying impaired anti-oxidative activity.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab
2004;
89
: 4963–4971.
94.
Nishikawa T, Edelstein D, Du XL,
et al
.
Normalizing mitochondrial
super-oxide production blocks 3 pathways of hyperglycaemic damage.
Nature
2000;
404
: 787–790.
95.
Brodsky SV, Gealekman O, Chen J, Zhang F,
et al
.
Prevention and
reversal of premature endothelial cell senescence and vasculopathy in
obesity-induced diabetes by ebselen.
Circ Res
2004;
94
: 377–384.
96.
Rosso A, Balsamo A, Gambino R, Dentelli P,
et al
.
p53 Mediates the
accelerated onset of senescence of endothelial progenitor cells in diabe-
tes.
J Biol Chem
2006;
281
: 4339–4347.
97.
Satoh M, Ishikawa Y, Takahashi Y, Itoh T, Minami Y, Nakamura M.
Association between oxidative DNA damage and telomere shortening
in circulating endothelial progenitor cells obtained from metabolic
syndrome patients with coronary artery disease.
Atherosclerosis
2008;
198:
347–353.
98.
Adaikalakoteswari A, Balasubramanyam M, Ravikumar R, Deepa R,
Mohan V. Association of telomere shortening with impaired glucose
tolerance and diabetic macroangiopathy.
Atherosclerosis
2007;
195
:
83–89.
99.
Olivieri F, Lorenzi M, Antonicelli R,
et al
.
Leukocyte telomere shorten-
ing in elderly Type2DM patients with previous myocardial infarction.
Atherosclerosis
2009;
206
: 588–593.
100.
Salpea KD, Humphries SE. Telomere length in atherosclerosis and
diabetes.
Atherosclerosis
2010;
209
(1): 35–38.
101.
Ogami M, Ikura Y, Ohsawa M, Matsuo T,
et al
.
Arterioscler Thromb
Vasc Biol
2004;
24
: 546–550.
102.
Chang E, Harley CB. Telomere length and replicative ageing in human
vascular tissues.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1995;
92
: 11190–11194.
103.
Okuda I, Khan MY, Skurnick J, Kimura M, Aviv H, Aviv A. Telomere
attrition of the human abdominal aorta: relationships with age and
atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis
2000;
152
: 391–398.
104.
Samani NJ, van der Harst P. Biological ageing and cardiovascular
disease.
Heart
2008;
9
(5): 537–539.
105.
Butt HZ, Atturu GNJ, London NJ, Sayers RD, Bown MJ. Telomere
length dynamics in vascular disease: A review.
Eur J Vasc Endovasc
Surg
2010;
40
: 17–26.
106.
Samani NJ, Boultby R, Butler R, Thompson JR, Goodall AH. Telomere
shortening in atherosclerosis.
Lancet
2001;
358
: 472–473.
107.
Brouilette S, Singh RK, Thompson JR, Goodall AH, Samani NJ. White
cell telomere length and risk of premature myocardial infarction.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol
2003;
23
: 842–846.
108.
Cawthon RM, Smith KR, O
′
Brien E, Sivatchenko A, Kerber RA.
Asociation between telomere length in blood and mortality in people
aged 60 years or older.
Lancet
2003;
361
: 393–395.
109.
Brouilette SW, Moore JS, McMahon AD,
et al
.
Telomere length, risk of
coronary disease and statin treatment in the West of Scotland Primary
Prevention Study: a nested case–control study.
Lancet
2007;
369
:
107–114.
110.
Fitzpatrick AL, Kronmal RA, Gardner JP,
et al
.
Leukocyte telomere
length and cardiovascular disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study.
Am J Epidemiol
2007;
165
: 14–21.
111.
Farzaneh-Far R, Cawthon R, Na B,
et al
.
Prognostic value of leucocyte
telomere length in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Data
from the Heart and Soul Study.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol
2008;
28
: 1379–1384.
112.
Zee RYL, Michaud SE, Germer S, Ridker PM. Association of shorter
mean telomere length with risk of incident myocardial infarction: A
prospective, nested case-control approach.
Clin Chim Acta
2009;
403
:
139–141.
113.
Ligi P. Diet, nutrition and telomere length.
J Nutr Biochem
2011;
22
:
895–901.
114.
Zhu H, Belcher M, van der Harst P. Healthy aging and disease: role for
telomere biology?
Clin Sci
2011;
120
: 427–440.
115.
La Rocca TJ, Seals DR, Pierce GL. Leukocyte telomere length is
preserved with aging in endurance exercise-trained adults and related
to maximal aerobic capacity.
Mechan Ageing Develop
2010;
131
:
165–167.
116.
Tarkanyi I, Aradi J. Pharmacological intervention strategies for affect-
ing telomerase activity : Future prospects to treat cancer and degenera-
tive disease.
Biochimie
2008;
90
: 156–172.
117.
Xia L, Wang XX, Hu XS,
et al
.
Resveratrol reduces endothelial progen-
itor cells senescence through augmentation of telomerase activity by
Akt-dependent mechanisms.
Br J Pharmacol
2008;
155
: 387–394.
118.
Farzaneh-Far R, Lin J, Epel ES, Harris WS, Blackburn EH, Whooley
MA. Association of marine omega-3 fatty acid levels with telomeric
aging in patients with coronary heart disease.
J Am Med Assoc
2010;
303
(3): 250–257.
119.
Bode-Boger SM, Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Tager M, Schroder H, Scalera
F. Aspirin reduces endothelial cell senescence.
Biochem Biophys Res
Commun
2005;
334
: 1226–1232.
120.
Donnini S, Terzuoli E, Ziche M, Morbidelli L. Sulfhydryl angiotensin-
converting enzyme inhibitor promotes endothelial cell survival through
nitric-oxide synthase, fibroblast growth factor-2, and telomerase cross-
talk. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010 332;
3
: 776–784.
121.
Spyridopoulos I, Haendeler J, Urbich C,
et al
.
Statins enhance migrato-
ry capacity by upregulation of the telomere repeat-binding factor TRF2
in endothelial progenitor cells.
Circulation
2004;
110
: 3136–3142.
122.
Satoh M, Minami Y, Takahashi Y,
et al
.
Effect of intensive lipid-
lowering therapy on telomere erosion in endothelial progenitor cells
obtained from patients with coronary artery disease.
Clin Sci
2009;
116
: 827–835.
123.
Saliques S, Teyssier J-R, Vergely C, Lorgis L,
et al
.
Circulating leuco-
cyte telomere length and oxidative stress : A new target for statin ther-
apy.
Atherosclerosis
2011,
doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.09.011.
124.
Cawthon RM. Telomere measurement by quantitative PCR.
Nucleic
Acids Res
2002;
30
:
e47.
125.
Kimura M, Stone RC, Hunt SC, Skurnick J, Lu X, Cao X, Harley CB,
Aviv A. Measurement of telomere length by the Southern blot analysis
of terminal restriction fragment lengths.
Nature Protocols
2010;
5
(9):
1596–1607.
126.
Huzen J, van Veldhuisen DJ, van Gilst WH, van der Harst P. Telomeres
and biological ageing in cardiovascular disease.
Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd
2008;
152
: 1265–1270.